同: EDD, 拡張末期径

WordNet

put an end to; "The terrible news ended our hopes that he had survived"
a final state; "he came to a bad end"; "the so-called glorious experiment came to an inglorious end" (同)destruction, death
the point in time at which something ends; "the end of the year"; "the ending of warranty period" (同)ending
bring to an end or halt; "She ended their friendship when she found out that he had once been convicted of a crime"; "The attack on Poland terminated the relatively peaceful period after WW I" (同)terminate
a piece of cloth that is left over after the rest has been used or sold (同)remainder, remnant, oddment
(American football) a position on the line of scrimmage; "no one wanted to play end"
the part you are expected to play; "he held up his end"
the concluding parts of an event or occurrence; "the end was exciting"; "I had to miss the last of the movie" (同)last, final_stage
either extremity of something that has length; "the end of the pier"; "she knotted the end of the thread"; "they rode to the end of the line"; "the terminals of the anterior arches of the fornix" (同)terminal
(football) the person who plays at one end of the line of scrimmage; "the end managed to hold onto the pass"
a boundary marking the extremities of something; "the end of town"
a final part or section; "we have given it at the end of the section since it involves the calculus"; "Start at the beginning and go on until you come to the end"
one of two places from which people are communicating to each other; "the phone rang at the other end"; "both ends wrote at the same time"
the surface at either extremity of a three-dimensional object; "one end of the box was marked `This side up"
have an end, in a temporal, spatial, or quantitative sense; either spatial or metaphorical; "the bronchioles terminate in a capillary bed"; "Your rights stop where you infringe upon the rights of other"; "My property ends by the bushes"; "The symphony ends in a pianissimo" (同)stop, finish, terminate, cease
be the end of; be the last or concluding part of; "This sad scene ended the movie" (同)terminate
indicate the dimensions on; "These techniques permit us to dimension the human heart"
shape or form to required dimensions
the magnitude of something in a particular direction (especially length or width or height)
one of three Cartesian coordinates that determine a position in space
event whose occurrence ends something; "his death marked the ending of an era"; "when these final episodes are broadcast it will be the finish of the show" (同)conclusion, finish
the end of a word (a suffix or inflectional ending or final morpheme); "I dont like words that have -ism as an ending" (同)termination
of or relating to a diastole or happening during a diastole
indicating or determining size and position in space; "the ultrasonic dimensioning measurement"; "an ultrasonic dimensioning arrangement of the heart"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(細いものの)『端』,先端《+『of』+『名』》 / (物語などの)『終り』,終結部《+『of』+『名』》 / (物事・期間の)『最後』《+『of』+『名』》;(…に)結末をつけるもの《+『to』+『名』》 / (…の)端の部分,末端部《『of』+『名』》 / 《しばしば複数形で》『目的』(purpose),目標(aim) / 《遠回しに》死,滅亡 / 《しばしば複数形で》切れ端,くず,残りもの / (事業などの)部門(part) / (フットボールで)エンド)前衛両端の選手または位置) / …‘を'『終わらせる』,終える / 〈物事が〉…‘の'終りとなる,‘を'締めくくる / 『終わる』,終了する(come to an end)
〈C〉(長さ・幅・厚さなどの)『寸法』 / 《通例複数形で》大きさ,範囲,規模 / 〈C〉広がり,展望(scope) / 〈C〉(数学で)次元
終り,終了;(物語・映画などの)結末 / (文の)語尾

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/02 14:18:29」(JST)

wiki en

In the heart, a ventricle is one of two large chambers that collect and expel blood received from an atrium towards the peripheral beds within the body and lungs. The atrium (an adjacent/upper heart chamber that is smaller than a ventricle) primes the pump. Interventricular means between the ventricles (for example the interventricular septum), while intraventricular means within one ventricle (for example an intraventricular block).

In a four-chambered heart, such as that in humans, there are two ventricles that operate in a double circulatory system: the right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary circulation to the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps blood into the systemic circulation through the aorta.

Structure

Heart section showing ventricles and ventricular septum

Ventricles have thicker walls than atria and generate higher blood pressures. The physiologic load on the ventricles requiring pumping of blood throughout the body and lungs is much greater than the pressure generated by the atria to fill the ventricles. Further, the left ventricle has thicker walls than the right because it needs to pump blood to most of the body while the right ventricle fills only the lungs.

On the inner walls of the ventricles are irregular muscular columns called trabeculae carneae which cover all of the inner ventricular surfaces except that of the conus arteriosus, in the right ventricle. There are three types of these muscles. The third type, the papillary muscles give origin at their apices to the chordae tendinae which attach to the cusps of the tricuspid valve and to the mitral valve.

The mass of the left ventricle, as estimated by magnetic resonance imaging, averages 143 g ± 38.4 g, with a range of 87–224 g.^[1]

The right ventricle is equal in size to that of the left ventricle^{[citation needed]}, and contains roughly 85 millilitres (3 imp fl oz; 3 US fl oz) in the adult. Its upper front surface is circled and convex, and forms much of the sternocostal surface of the heart. Its under surface is flattened, forming part of the diaphragmatic surface of the heart that rests upon the diaphragm.

Its posterior wall is formed by the ventricular septum, which bulges into the right ventricle, so that a transverse section of the cavity presents a semilunar outline. Its upper and left angle forms a conical pouch, the conus arteriosus, from which the pulmonary artery arises. A tendinous band, called the tendon of the conus arteriosus, extends upward from the right atrioventricular fibrous ring and connects the posterior surface of the conus arteriosus to the aorta.

Shape

The left ventricle is longer and more conical in shape than the right, and on transverse section its concavity presents an oval or nearly circular outline. It forms a small part of the sternocostal surface and a considerable part of the diaphragmatic surface of the heart; it also forms the apex of the heart. The left ventricle is thicker and more muscular than the right ventricle because it pumps blood at a higher pressure.

The right ventricle is triangular in shape and extends from the tricuspid valve in the right atrium to near the apex of the heart. Its wall is thickest at its base and thins towards the atrium.

Development

By early maturity, the walls of the left ventricle have thickened from three to six times greater than that of the right ventricle. This reflects the typical five times greater pressure workload this chamber performs while accepting blood returning from the pulmonary veins at ~80mmHg pressure (equivalent to around 11 kPa) and pushing it forward to the typical ~120mmHg pressure (around 16.3 kPa) in the aorta during each heartbeat. (The pressures stated are resting values and stated as relative to surrounding atmospheric which is the typical "0" reference pressure used in medicine.)

Function

During systole, the ventricles contract, pumping blood through the body. During diastole, the ventricles relax and fill with blood again.

The left ventricle receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium via the mitral valve and pumps it through the aorta via the aortic valve, into the systemic circulation. The left ventricular muscle must relax and contract quickly, and be able to increase or lower its pumping capacity under the control of the nervous system. In the diastolic phase, it has to relax very quickly after each contraction so as to quickly fill with the oxygenated blood flowing from the pulmonary veins. Likewise in the systolic phase, the left ventricle must contract rapidly and forcibly to pump this blood into the aorta, overcoming the much higher aortic pressure. The extra pressure exerted is also needed to stretch the aorta and other arteries to accommodate the increase in blood volume.

The right ventricle receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium via the tricuspid valve and pumps it into the pulmonary artery via the pulmonary valve, into the pulmonary circulation.

Pumping volume

The typical healthy adult heart pumping volume is ~5 liters/min, resting. Maximum capacity pumping volume extends from ~25 liters/min for non-athletes to as high as ~45 liters/min for Olympic level athletes.

Volumes

In cardiology, the performance of the ventricles are measured with several volumetric parameters, including end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), stroke volume (SV)and ejection fraction (E_f).

Wiggers diagram of various events of a cardiac cycle, showing left ventricular volume as a red trace.

Measure view talk edit	Typical value	Normal range
end-diastolic volume (EDV)	120 mL^[2]^{[non-primary source needed]}	65–240 mL^[2]^{[non-primary source needed]}
end-systolic volume (ESV)	50 mL^[2]^{[non-primary source needed]}	16–143 mL^[2]^{[non-primary source needed]}
stroke volume (SV)	70 mL	55–100 mL
ejection fraction (E_f)	58%	55–70%^[3]
heart rate (HR)	75 bpm	60–100 bpm^[4]
cardiac output (CO)	5.25 L/minute	4.0–8.0 L/min^[5]

Dimensions

The heart and its performance are also commonly measured in terms of dimensions, which in this case means one-dimensional distances, usually measured in millimeters. This is not as informative as volumes, but may be much easier to estimate with e.g. M-Mode echocardiography^[6] or with sonomicrometry (mostly used for animal model research). Optimally, it is specified with which plane the distance is measured in, e.g. the dimension of the longitudinal plane.^[7]

Dimension	Abbreviation	Definition	Normally
End-diastolic dimension	EDD	The diameter across a ventricle at the end of diastole, if not else specified then usually referring to the transverse^[8] (left-to-right) internal (luminal) distance, excluding thickness of walls, although it can also be measured as the external distance.
Left ventricular end-diastolic dimension	LVEDD or sometimes LVDD	The end-diastolic dimension of the left ventricle.	48 mm,^[9] Range 36 – 56 mm^[10]
Right ventricular end-diastolic dimension	RVEDD or sometimes RVDD	The end-diastolic dimension of the right ventricle.	Range 10 – 26 mm^[10]
End-systolic dimension	ESD	ESD is similar to the end-diastolic dimension, but is measured at the end of systole (after the ventricles have pumped out blood) rather than at the end of diastole.
Left ventricular end-systolic dimension	LVESD or sometimes LVSD	The end-systolic dimension of the left ventricle.	Range 20 – 40 mm^[10]
Right ventricular end-systolic dimension	RVESD or sometimes RVSD	The end-systolic dimension of the right ventricle.	Range 10 – 26 mm^[10]
Interventricular septal end diastolic dimension	IVSd	The thickness of the interventricular septum.	8.3 mm,^[9] Range 7 – 11 mm^[10]
Left ventricular end diastolic posterior wall dimension	LVPWd	The thickness of the posterior left ventricular wall.	8.3 mm,^[9] Range 7 – 11 mm^[10]
Left atrial dimension	LA		Range 24 – 40 mm^[10]

Fractional shortening (FS) is the fraction of any diastolic dimension that is lost in systole. When referring to endocardial luminal distances, it is EDD minus ESD divided by EDD (times 100 when measured in percentage).^[11] Normal values may differ somewhat dependent on which anatomical plane is used to measure the distances. Normal range is 25-45%, Mild is 20-25%, Moderate is 15-20%, and Severe is <15%.^[12] Cardiology Diagnostic Tests Midwall fractional shortening may also be used to measure diastolic/systolic changes for inter-ventricular septal dimensions^[13] and posterior wall dimensions. However, both endocardial and midwall fractional shortening are dependent on myocardial wall thickness, and thereby dependent on long-axis function.^[14] By comparison, a measure of short-axis function termed epicardial volume change (EVC) is independent of myocardial wall thickness and represents isolated short-axis function.^[14]

Clinical significance

Cardiac dysrhythmia or arrhythmia is an irregular heartbeat that can occur in the ventricles or atria. Normally the heartbeat is initiated in the SA node of the atrium but initiation can also occur in the Purkinje fibres of the ventricles giving rise to premature ventricular contractions, also called ventricular extra beats. When these beats become grouped the condition is known as ventricular tachycardia.

Another form of arrhythmia is that of the ventricular escape beat. This can happen as a compensatory mechanism when there is a problem in the conduction system from the SA node.

The most severe form of arrhythmia is ventricular fibrillation which is the most common cause of cardiac arrest and subsequent sudden death.

Ventricular septal defect
Atrioventricular septal defect

External links

Photo of dissection at uc.edu
Left Ventricle - Cell Centered Database
Anatomy photo:20:05-0102 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center

References

^ Schlosser, Thomas; Pagonidis, Konstantin; Herborn, Christoph U.; Hunold, Peter; Waltering, Kai-Uwe; Lauenstein, Thomas C.; Barkhausen, Jörg (2005). "Assessment of Left Ventricular Parameters Using 16-MDCT and New Software for Endocardial and Epicardial Border Delineation". Am J Roentgenol 184 (3): 765–773. doi:10.2214/ajr.184.3.01840765. PMID 15728595.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Schlosser, Thomas; Pagonidis, Konstantin; Herborn, Christoph U.; Hunold, Peter; Waltering, Kai-Uwe; Lauenstein, Thomas C.; Barkhausen, Jörg (2005). "Assessment of Left Ventricular Parameters Using 16-MDCT and New Software for Endocardial and Epicardial Border Delineation". Am J Roentgenol 184 (3): 765–73. doi:10.2214/ajr.184.3.01840765. PMID 15728595. Values:
- End-diastolic volume (left ventricular) – average 118 and a range of 68 – 239mL and
- End-systolic volume (left ventricular) – average 50.1 and range, 16 – 143 mL:
- Also, ejection fraction was estimated in this study to be average 59.9% ± 14.4%; range, 18 – 76%, but secondary source (see above) is used in this article instead.
^ O'Connor, Simon (2009). Examination Medicine (The Examination). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. 41. ISBN 0-7295-3911-3.
^ Normal ranges for heart rate are among the narrowest limits between bradycardia and tachycardia. See the Bradycardia and Tachycardia articles for more detailed limits.
^ Edwards Lifesciences LLC > Normal Hemodynamic Parameters – Adult 2009
^ van Dam I, van Zwieten G, Vogel JA, Meijler FL (1980). "Left ventricular (diastolic) dimensions and relaxation in patients with atrial fibrillation". Eur. Heart J. Suppl A: 149–56. PMID 7274225.
^ [1] Longitudinal fractional shortening and its relation to diastolic cardiac function. Journal: Journal of Medical Ultrasonics Publisher: Springer Japan ISSN: 1346-4523 (Print) 1613-2254 (Online) Issue: volume 35, Number 3 / September, 2008 Category: Original Article doi:10.1007/s10396-008-0176-0 Pages: 113-118 Subject Collection: Medicine SpringerLink Date: Friday, September 19, 2008
^ Grimsgaard S, Bønaa KH, Hansen JB, Myhre ES (July 1998). "Effects of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on hemodynamics in humans". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68 (1): 52–9. PMID 9665096.
^ ^a ^b ^c Basavarajaiah S, Wilson M, Naghavi R, Whyte G, Turner M, Sharma S (November 2007). "Physiological upper limits of left ventricular dimensions in highly trained junior tennis players". Br J Sports Med 41 (11): 784–8. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2006.033993. PMC 2465269. PMID 17957014.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Page 41 in: O'Connor, Simon (2009). Examination Medicine (The Examination). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 0-7295-3911-3.
^ chfpatients.com > Fractional Shortening (FS) Retrieved on April 7, 2010
^ https://www.stanford.edu/group/ccm_echocardio/cgi-bin/mediawiki/index.php/Left_ventricle_size
^ de Simone G, Devereux RB, Roman MJ, et al. (May 1994). "Assessment of left ventricular function by the midwall fractional shortening/end-systolic stress relation in human hypertension". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 23 (6): 1444–51. doi:10.1016/0735-1097(94)90390-5. PMID 8176105.
^ ^a ^b Ugander M, Carlsson M, Arheden H (Feb 2010). "Short-axis epicardial volume change is a measure of cardiac left ventricular short-axis function, which is independent of myocardial wall thickness". Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 298 (2): H530–5. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00153.2009. PMID 19933422.

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English Journal

Abdominal admittance helps to predict the amount of fluid accumulation in patients with acute heart failure syndromes.

Taniguchi T1, Hamano G2, Koide M2, Hirooka K2, Koretsune Y2, Kusuoka H2, Ohtani T3, Sakata Y3, Yasumura Y4.
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BACKGROUND: Predicting fluid volume that needs to be removed in acute heart failure syndromes (AHFS) patients remains challenging. Thoracic admittance (TA), the reciprocal of thoracic impedance measured by bioelectrical impedance, reflects the amount of fluid in the thorax. Abdominal organs play an
PMID 26116208

Proof of concept study: Improvement of echocardiographic parameters after renal sympathetic denervation in CKD refractory hypertensive patients.

Kiuchi MG1, Mion D Jr2, Graciano ML3, de Queiroz Carreira MA3, Kiuchi T4, Chen S5, Lugon JR6.
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AIM: Evaluation of the effectiveness of the renal sympathetic denervation (RSD) in reducing lesions of target organs such as the heart and kidneys, in resistant hypertensive CKD patients.METHODS AND RESULTS: Forty-five patients were included and treated with an ablation catheter with open irrigated
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Survival Prediction in Patients Undergoing Open-Heart Mitral Valve Operation After Previous Failed MitraClip Procedures.

Geidel S1, Wohlmuth P2, Schmoeckel M3.
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BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to analyze the results of open heart mitral valve operations for survival prediction in patients with previously unsuccessful MitraClip procedures.METHODS: Thirty-three consecutive patients who underwent mitral valve surgery in our institution were studied
PMID 26505550

Japanese Journal

Cardiomyopathy With Frequent Ventricular Premature Depolarization　– Predicting Irreversible Ventricular Dysfunction –

Park Kyoung-Min,Kim Jihye,Na Hayoung,Chun Kwang Jin,Im Sung Il,Park Seung-Jung,Kim June Soo,On Young Keun
Circulation Journal 79(8), 1816-1822, 2015
… LV end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD; … group A vs. B: 54±5 mm vs. 60±10 mm, P=0.01), end-systolic dimension (group A vs. B: 42±6 mm vs. 48±11 mm, P=0.01) before VPD suppression differed significantly between groups. …
NAID 130005089359

Cardiomyopathy With Frequent Ventricular Premature Depolarization　– Predicting Irreversible Ventricular Dysfunction –

Park Kyoung-Min,Kim Jihye,Na Hayoung,Chun Kwang Jin,Im Sung Il,Park Seung-Jung,Kim June Soo,On Young Keun
Circulation Journal advpub(0), 2015
… LV end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD; … group A vs. B: 54±5 mm vs. 60±10 mm, P=0.01), end-systolic dimension (group A vs. B: 42±6 mm vs. 48±11 mm, P=0.01) before VPD suppression differed significantly between groups. …
NAID 130005068481

Current Status of Primary Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death With Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure:– A Report From the CHART-2 Study –

Satake Hiroyuki,Fukuda Koji,Sakata Yasuhiko,Miyata Satoshi,Nakano Makoto,Kondo Masateru,Hasebe Yuhi,Segawa Masato,Shimokawa Hiroaki, on behalf of the CHART-2 Investigators
Circulation Journal 79(2), 381-390, 2015
… In the groups A and B combined, chronic atrial fibrillation (cAF) and left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVDd) ≥65 mm were independent predictors of FAE, and, when combined, their prognostic impact was highly significant (hazard ratio, 7.01; …
NAID 130004927045

Related Pictures

A left ventricular end-diastolic dimension less than 6.0 cm is associated with Comparison of the left ventricular end-diastolic dimension/body surface | Download LVEDD - Left Ventricle End Diastolic Dimension in Undefined by AcronymsAndSlang.com Left ventricular end diastolic (LVEDD) and systolic (LVESD) dimensions | Download Linear regression analysis between left ventricular end-diastolic | Download (A) Left ventricular end diastolic dimension before and after | Download Scientific

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「拡張末期径」「拡張終期径」
拡張検索	「left ventricular end-diastolic dimension」
関連記事	「end」「diastolic」「dimension」「ending」

「拡張末期径」

Ventricle
	Structure diagram of the human heart from an anterior view. The larger cavities are the ventricles.
Details
Latin	ventriculus cordis
Identifiers
TA	A12.1.00.012
FMA	7100
	Anatomical terminology