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(genetics) the diploid cell resulting from the union of a haploid spermatozoon and ovum (including the organism that develops from that cell) (同)fertilized_ovum
throw eggs at
animal reproductive body consisting of an ovum or embryo together with nutritive and protective envelopes; especially the thin-shelled reproductive body laid by e.g. female birds
oval reproductive body of a fowl (especially a hen) used as food (同)eggs
coat with beaten egg; "egg a schnitzel"
provide with fertilizers or add nutrients to; "We should fertilize soil if we want to grow healthy plants" (同)fertilise, feed
make fertile or productive; "The course fertilized her imagination" (同)fecundate, fertilise
the base of the natural system of logarithms; approximately equal to 2.718282...

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/05/18 09:13:20」(JST)

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A zygote (from Greek ζυγωτός zygōtos "joined" or "yoked", from ζυγοῦν zygoun "to join" or "to yoke"),^[1] is a eukaryotic cell formed by a fertilization event between two gametes. The zygote's genome is a combination of the DNA in each gamete, and contains all of the genetic information necessary to form a new individual. In multicellular organisms, the zygote is the earliest developmental stage. In single-celled organisms, the zygote can divide asexually by mitosis to produce identical offspring.

Oscar Hertwig and Richard Hertwig made some of the first discoveries on animal zygote formation.

Fungi

In fungi, the sexual fusion of haploid cells is called karyogamy. The result of karyogamy is a diploid cell called a zygote or zygospore. This cell may then enter meiosis or mitosis depending on the life cycle of the species.

Plants

In plants, the zygote may be polyploid if fertilization occurs between meiotically unreduced gametes.

In land plants, the zygote is formed within a chamber called the archegonium. In seedless plants, the archegonium is usually flask-shaped, with a long hollow neck through which the sperm cell enters. As the zygote divides and grows, it does so inside the archegonium.

Humans

In human fertilization, two 1n haploid cells—an ovum (female gamete) and a sperm cell (male gamete)—combine to form a single 2n diploid cell called the zygote. DNA is then replicated in the two separate pronuclei derived from the sperm and ovum, making the zygote's chromosome number temporarily 4n diploid. After approximately 30 hours, fusion of the pronuclei and subsequent mitotic division produce two 2n diploid daughter cells called blastomeres.^[2]

Between the stages of fertilization and implantation, the developing human is called the preimplantation conceptus or the proembryo. It is not correct to call the conceptus an embryo, because it will later differentiate into both intraembryonic and extraembryonic tissues,^[3] and can even split to produce multiple embryos (identical twins).

After fertilization, the conceptus travels down the oviduct towards the uterus while continuing to divide^[4] mitotically without actually increasing in size, in a process called cleavage.^[5] After four divisions, the conceptus consists of 16 blastomeres, and it is known as the morula.^[6] Through the processes of compaction, cell division, and blastulation, the conceptus takes the form of the blastocyst by the fifth day of development, just as it approaches the site of implantation.^[7] When the blastocyst hatches from the zona pellucida, it can implant in the endometrial lining of the uterus and begin the embryonic stage of development.

The human zygote has been genetically edited in experiments designed to cure inherited diseases.^[8]

In other species

A Chlamydomonas zygote that contains chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) from both parents, such cells generally are rare since normally cpDNA is inherited uniparental from the mt+ mating type parent.These rare biparental zygotes allowed mapping of chloroplast genes by recombination.

In protozoa

In the amoeba, reproduction occurs by cell division of the parent cell: first the nucleus of the parent divides into two and then the cell membrane also cleaves, becoming two "daughter" Amoebae.

References

^ "English etymology of zygote". myetymology.com.
^ Blastomere Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 06 Feb. 2012.
^ Larsen's Human Embryology. 4th Ed. Page 4.
^ O’Reilly, Deirdre. "Fetal development". MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia (2007-10-19). Retrieved 2009-02-15.
^ Klossner, N. Jayne and Hatfield, Nancy. Introductory Maternity & Pediatric Nursing, p. 107 (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006).
^ Neas, John F. "Human Development". Embryology Atlas
^ Blackburn, Susan. Maternal, Fetal, & Neonatal Physiology, p. 80 (Elsevier Health Sciences 2007).
^ Human zygote edited genetically

Preceded by Oocyte + Sperm	Stages of human development Zygote	Succeeded by Embryo

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English Journal

A mosquito sperm's journey from male ejaculate to egg: Mechanisms, molecules, and methods for exploration.

Degner EC1, Harrington LC1.
Molecular reproduction and development.Mol Reprod Dev.2016 May 4. doi: 10.1002/mrd.22653. [Epub ahead of print]
The fate of mosquito sperm in the female reproductive tract has been addressed sporadically and incompletely, resulting in significant gaps in our understanding of sperm-female interactions that ultimately lead to fertilization. As with other Diptera, mosquito sperm have a complex journey to their u
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Female fertility preservation strategies: cryopreservation and ovarian tissue in vitro culture, current state of the art and future perspectives.

Filatov MA1, Khramova YV1, Kiseleva MV2, Malinova IV2, Komarova EV2, Semenova ML1.
Zygote (Cambridge, England).Zygote.2016 May 4:1-19. [Epub ahead of print]
In the present review, the main strategies of female fertility preservation are covered. Procedures of fertility preservation are necessary for women who suffer from diseases whose treatment requires the use of aggressive therapies, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. These kinds of therapy negat
PMID 27141985

Experimental evolution reveals that high relatedness protects multicellular cooperation from cheaters.

Bastiaans E1, Debets AJ1, Aanen DK1.
Nature communications.Nat Commun.2016 May 3;7:11435. doi: 10.1038/ncomms11435.
In multicellular organisms, there is a potential risk that cheating mutants gain access to the germline. Development from a single-celled zygote resets relatedness among cells to its maximum value each generation, which should accomplish segregation of cheating mutants from non-cheaters and thereby
PMID 27139112

Japanese Journal

Twin Xenopus laevis embryos appearing from flattened eggs

SATO Eiji
Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B 90(8), 307-312, 2014
… Leaving aside, for the time being, the problem of the gene expressions regulating Xenopus laevis development, here I show that pulse treatment could induce formation of a secondary axis in a fertilized Xenopus laevis egg. … At 3 min after insemination, metal oxides were added to Xenopus fertilized eggs, and then twin embryos appeared. …
NAID 130004694512

Effect of In Ovo Administration of Branched-Chain Amino Acids on Embryo Growth and Hatching Time of Chickens

Kita Kazumi,R. Ito Ken,Sugahara Misaki,Kobayashi Mika,Makino Ryosuke,Takahashi Natsuki,Nakahara Honoka,Takahashi Kosuke,Nishimukai Megumi
The Journal of Poultry Science, 2014
… The effect of various branched-chain amino acids (BCAA : isoleucine, leucine, valine) on embryo growth and the hatching time of fertilized eggs of chickens was examined. … Before the onset of egg incubation, one of BCAA was injected into fertilized eggs. … The amount of each BCAA administrated into eggs was equal to 1% of each amino acid exits in the egg. …
NAID 130004690949

Fertilizability of Superovulated Eggs by Estrous Stage-independent PMSG/hCG Treatment in Adult Wistar-Imamichi Rats

KON Hiroe,HOKAO Ryoji,SHINODA Motoo
Experimental Animals 63(2), 175-182, 2014
… Although the proportion of fertilized eggs in the E- and PE-treated groups was less than the S group 20 h after hCG injection, the proportion was not different among all treated and S groups 24 h after hCG injection. … The proportion of fertilized eggs using in vitro fertilization and the proportion of offspring obtained from 2-cell stage embryo transfer did not differ among the treated and S groups. …
NAID 130003391618