WordNet

verify by using a duplicate register for comparison; "control an account"
a relation of constraint of one entity (thing or person or group) by another; "measures for the control of disease"; "they instituted controls over drinking on campus"
a mechanism that controls the operation of a machine; "the speed controller on his turntable was not working properly"; "I turned the controls over to her" (同)controller
(physiology) regulation or maintenance of a function or action or reflex etc; "the timing and control of his movements were unimpaired"; "he had lost control of his sphincters"
the activity of managing or exerting control over something; "the control of the mob by the police was admirable"
a spiritual agency that is assumed to assist the medium during a seance
power to direct or determine; "under control"
the economic policy of controlling or limiting or curbing prices or wages etc.; "they wanted to repeal all the legislation that imposed economic controls"
exercise authoritative control or power over; "control the budget"; "Command the military forces" (同)command
lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits; "moderate your alcohol intake"; "hold your tongue"; "hold your temper"; "control your anger" (同)hold in, hold, contain, check, curb, moderate
check or regulate (a scientific experiment) by conducting a parallel experiment or comparing with another standard; "Are you controlling for the temperature?" (同)verify
arrange into a group or groups; "Can you group these shapes together?"
(chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule (同)radical, chemical group
any number of entities (members) considered as a unit (同)grouping
a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse (同)mathematical group
form a group or group together (同)aggroup
the activity of putting things together in groups
a system for classifying things into groups (同)pigeonholing
arranged into groups (同)sorted

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉(…に対する)『統制』,抑制,制御《+『over』(『of』+『名』) / 〈C〉《複数形で》(…を)統整する手段,統御法《+『on』(『over』)+『名』》 / 〈U〉(…を)『抑制する力』,(…の)統整力,支配力《+『over』(『of』)+『名』》 / 《複数形で》《単数扱い》(機械の)操縦装置 / 〈C〉(実験結果の)照査基準 / …'を'『支配する』,統御する,管理する,監督する / 〈感情など〉'を'『抑制する』,抑える / …'を'照らし合わせて調べる,照査する
(…の)『群れ』,集まり,小集団《+of+名》 / (主義・系統・種類などを同じくする人・物の)『派』,『団体』 / (ポミュラーソング歌手の)グループ / (動・植物分類上の)群;(化学の)基,原子団;(地質学上の)界;(数学の)群;(言語学上の)語派 / …‘を'一群に集める,一団にする《+『名』+『together』》 / (系統的に)…‘を'分類する,調和よく配合する《+『名』+『together』》 / 集まる,群(集団)をなす
グループに分けること;分類法 / (集まった物の)配置,配合

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/01/21 07:23:58」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

In the design of experiments, treatments are applied to experimental units in the treatment group(s).^[1] In comparative experiments, members of the complementary group, the control group, receive either no treatment or a standard treatment.^[2]

For the conclusions drawn from the results of an experiment to have validity, it is essential that the items or patients assigned to treatment and control groups be representative of the same population.^[3] In some experiments, such as many in agriculture^[4] or psychology,^[5]^[6]^[7] this can be achieved by randomly assigning items from a common population to one of the treatment and control groups.^[1] In studies of twins involving just one treatment group and a control group, it is statistically efficient to do this random assignment separately for each pair of twins, so that one is in the treatment group and one in the control group.

In some medical studies, where it may be unethical not to treat patients who present with symptoms, controls may be given a standard treatment, rather than no treatment at all.^[2] Another alternative is to select controls from a wider population, provided that this population is well-defined and that those presenting with symptoms at the clinic are representative of those in the wider population.^[3]

Notes

^ ^a ^b Hinkelmann, Klaus; Kempthorne, Oscar (2008). Design and Analysis of Experiments, Volume I: Introduction to Experimental Design (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-72756-9. MR 2363107.
^ ^a ^b Bailey, R. A. (2008). Design of comparative experiments. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68357-9. MR 2422352.
^ ^a ^b Everitt, B.S. (2002) The Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics, CUP. ISBN 0-521-81099-X (entry for control group)
^ Neyman, Jerzy (1990) [1923], Dabrowska, Dorota M.; Speed, Terence P., eds., "On the application of probability theory to agricultural experiments: Essay on principles (Section 9)", Statistical Science (Translated from (1923) Polish ed. ed.) 5 (4): 465–472
^ Ian Hacking (September 1988). "Telepathy: Origins of Randomization in Experimental Design". Isis (A Special Issue on Artifact and Experiment) 79 (3): 427–451. doi:10.1086/354775.
^ Stephen M. Stigler (November 1992). "A Historical View of Statistical Concepts in Psychology and Educational Research". American Journal of Education 101 (1): 60–70. doi:10.1086/444032.
^ Trudy Dehue (December 1997). "Deception, Efficiency, and Random Groups: Psychology and the Gradual Origination of the Random Group Design". Isis 88 (4): 653–673. doi:10.1086/383850. PMID 9519574.

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4. 新生児および乳児におけるB群レンサ球菌感染症 group b streptococcal infection in neonates and young infants
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English Journal

Attentional blink in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Amador-Campos JA1, Aznar-Casanova JA2, Bezerra I3, Torro-Alves N3, Sánchez MM4.
Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999).Rev Bras Psiquiatr.2015 12/05;37(2):133-138. Epub 2015 May 12.
OBJECTIVE: To explore the temporal mechanism of attention in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and controls using a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) task in which two letters (T1 and T2) were presented in close temporal proximity among distractors (attentional blin
PMID 26018647

Polymorphisms in Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 genes and their expression in chronic suppurative otitis media.

Jotic A1, Jesic S2, Zivkovic M3, Tomanovic N4, Kuveljic J3, Stankovic A3.
Auris, nasus, larynx.Auris Nasus Larynx.2015 Dec;42(6):431-7. doi: 10.1016/j.anl.2015.04.010. Epub 2015 Jun 6.
OBJECTIVE: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have a prominent role in inducing innate immune response. It has been suggested that regulation of TLRs is involved in the pathogenesis of chronic otitis media. TLR 2 and TLR 4 polymorphisms were connected with susceptibility to acute otitis and chronic otitis w
PMID 26055429

Predictive value of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in first-time and recurrent idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss.

Seo YJ1, Park YA1, Bong JP1, Park DJ1, Park SY2.
Auris, nasus, larynx.Auris Nasus Larynx.2015 Dec;42(6):438-42. doi: 10.1016/j.anl.2015.04.011. Epub 2015 May 23.
OBJECTIVE: To determine if the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in patients with recurrent idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL) differ from those in healthy people and non-recurrent ISSNHL patients.METHODS: A retrospective review of 16 pati
PMID 26013767

Japanese Journal

Supramolecularly Engineered Functional π-Assemblies based on Complementary Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions

Yagai Shiki
Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, 2015
… As details of exciting photonic and electronic properties arising from self-assembled functional dyes and related π-conjugated molecules become clearer, strategies for control of short and long-range chromophore-chromophore orientations, regulation of π−π stacking arrangements, construction of self-organized nano-to-microscale architectures, diversification of materials properties, analysis of self-assembly pathways, and impartment of stimuli-responsive properties, are all becoming important issues in the research area of organic functional materials. …
NAID 130004693812

Association Between Zolpidem Use and Glaucoma Risk: A Taiwanese Population-Based Case-Control Study

Ho Yi-Hao,Chang Yue-Cune,Huang Wei-Cheng,Chen Hsin-Yi,Lin Che-Chen,Sung Fung-Chang
Journal of Epidemiology, 2015
… A 1:4 matched case-control study was conducted. … Multiple logistic regression models were used to evaluate the potential risk of zolpidem exposure on glaucoma with/without adjustment for the effects of confounding variables.<BR>Results: The exposure rate of zolpidem use in the glaucoma group was significantly higher than that of the control group (2.8% vs. 2.0%, P < …
NAID 130004678108

Morphology control of molecular assemblies prepared from bio-based amphiphilic polymers with a helical hydrophobic unit and application as nanocarriers for contrast agents and/or drug delivery