WordNet

verify by using a duplicate register for comparison; "control an account"
a relation of constraint of one entity (thing or person or group) by another; "measures for the control of disease"; "they instituted controls over drinking on campus"
a mechanism that controls the operation of a machine; "the speed controller on his turntable was not working properly"; "I turned the controls over to her" (同)controller
(physiology) regulation or maintenance of a function or action or reflex etc; "the timing and control of his movements were unimpaired"; "he had lost control of his sphincters"
the activity of managing or exerting control over something; "the control of the mob by the police was admirable"
a spiritual agency that is assumed to assist the medium during a seance
power to direct or determine; "under control"
the economic policy of controlling or limiting or curbing prices or wages etc.; "they wanted to repeal all the legislation that imposed economic controls"
exercise authoritative control or power over; "control the budget"; "Command the military forces" (同)command
lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits; "moderate your alcohol intake"; "hold your tongue"; "hold your temper"; "control your anger" (同)hold in, hold, contain, check, curb, moderate
check or regulate (a scientific experiment) by conducting a parallel experiment or comparing with another standard; "Are you controlling for the temperature?" (同)verify
make accountable for; "He did not want to subject himself to the judgments of his superiors"
something (a person or object or scene) selected by an artist or photographer for graphic representation; "a moving picture of a train is more dramatic than a still picture of the same subject" (同)content, depicted object
a person who is subjected to experimental or other observational procedures; someone who is an object of investigation; "the subjects for this investigation were selected randomly"; "the cases that we studied were drawn from two different communities" (同)case, guinea_pig
the subject matter of a conversation or discussion; "he didnt want to discuss that subject"; "it was a very sensitive topic"; "his letters were always on the theme of love" (同)topic, theme
(grammar) one of the two main constituents of a sentence; the grammatical constituent about which something is predicated
(logic) the first term of a proposition
being under the power or sovereignty of another or others; "subject peoples"; "a dependent prince" (同)dependent
cause to experience or suffer or make liable or vulnerable to; "He subjected me to his awful poetry"; "The sergeant subjected the new recruits to many drills"; "People in Chernobyl were subjected to radiation"
likely to be affected by something; "the bond is subject to taxation"; "he is subject to fits of depression"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉(…に対する)『統制』,抑制,制御《+『over』(『of』+『名』) / 〈C〉《複数形で》(…を)統整する手段,統御法《+『on』(『over』)+『名』》 / 〈U〉(…を)『抑制する力』,(…の)統整力,支配力《+『over』(『of』)+『名』》 / 《複数形で》《単数扱い》(機械の)操縦装置 / 〈C〉(実験結果の)照査基準 / …'を'『支配する』,統御する,管理する,監督する / 〈感情など〉'を'『抑制する』,抑える / …'を'照らし合わせて調べる,照査する
(思考・議論・研究などの)『主題』,問題,議題,話題《+of+名》 / 『科目』,教科,学科 / (文法で)『主語』,主部 / 臣下,家来;(特に君主国の)国民,臣民 / (批判・実験などの)対象となる人(物) / (楽曲,特にフーガの)主題 / 『支配を受ける』,従属する / 《補語にのみ用いて》《be subject to+名》(…を)『受けやすい』,(…に)かかりやすい / 《補語にのみ用いて》《be subject to+名》)…に)『頼っている』,(|を)条件とする / (…に)〈国・人など〉‘を'『従わせる』《+名+to+名》 / 〈人・物など〉‘に'(いやなことなどを)『受けさせる』,経験させる《+名+to+名》

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/22 02:40:33」(JST)

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In the design of experiments, treatments are applied to experimental units in the treatment group(s).^[1] In comparative experiments, members of the complementary group, the control group, receive either no treatment or a standard treatment.^[2]

For the conclusions drawn from the results of an experiment to have validity, it is essential that the items or patients assigned to treatment and control groups be representative of the same population.^[3] In some experiments, such as many in agriculture^[4] or psychology,^[5]^[6]^[7] this can be achieved by randomly assigning items from a common population to one of the treatment and control groups.^[1] In studies of twins involving just one treatment group and a control group, it is statistically efficient to do this random assignment separately for each pair of twins, so that one is in the treatment group and one in the control group.

In some medical studies, where it may be unethical not to treat patients who present with symptoms, controls may be given a standard treatment, rather than no treatment at all.^[2] Another alternative is to select controls from a wider population, provided that this population is well-defined and that those presenting with symptoms at the clinic are representative of those in the wider population.^[3]

Notes

^ ^a ^b Hinkelmann, Klaus; Kempthorne, Oscar (2008). Design and Analysis of Experiments, Volume I: Introduction to Experimental Design (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-72756-9. MR 2363107.
^ ^a ^b Bailey, R. A. (2008). Design of comparative experiments. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68357-9. MR 2422352.
^ ^a ^b Everitt, B.S. (2002) The Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics, CUP. ISBN 0-521-81099-X (entry for control group)
^ Neyman, Jerzy (1990) [1923], Dabrowska, Dorota M.; Speed, Terence P., eds., "On the application of probability theory to agricultural experiments: Essay on principles (Section 9)", Statistical Science (Translated from (1923) Polish ed. ed.) 5 (4): 465–472, doi:10.1214/ss/1177012031, MR 1092986 CS1 maint: Extra text (link)
^ Ian Hacking (September 1988). "Telepathy: Origins of Randomization in Experimental Design". Isis (A Special Issue on Artifact and Experiment) 79 (3): 427–451. doi:10.1086/354775.
^ Stephen M. Stigler (November 1992). "A Historical View of Statistical Concepts in Psychology and Educational Research". American Journal of Education 101 (1): 60–70. doi:10.1086/444032.
^ Trudy Dehue (December 1997). "Deception, Efficiency, and Random Groups: Psychology and the Gradual Origination of the Random Group Design". Isis 88 (4): 653–673. doi:10.1086/383850. PMID 9519574.

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