chori,chorio- 絨毛膜。脈絡膜

adj.

絨毛膜の

関: chorion、egg membrane、serosa、serosal、serous membrane、trophoblastic

WordNet

of or relating to a chorion; "a chorionic villus is a minute vascular projection on the fetal chorion"
of or relating to the trophoblast; "trophoblastic cancer"
one of the tiny villi that stick out of the fetal chorion and combine with the mothers uterine tissue to form the placenta
the outermost membranous sac enclosing the embryo in higher vertebrates (reptiles, birds and mammals)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/12/06 21:05:29」(JST)

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For the chorion in vertebrate eggs, see Chorion (egg).

For the entertainment company see Chorion (company).

In humans and most mammals, the chorion is one of the membranes that exist during pregnancy between the developing fetus and mother (the fetal membranes). The chorion and the amnion together form the amniotic sac.

It is formed by extraembryonic mesoderm and the two layers of trophoblast that surround the embryo and other membranes. The chorionic villi emerge from the chorion, invade the endometrium, and allow transfer of nutrients from maternal blood to fetal blood.

Layers

The chorion consists of two layers: an outer formed by the trophoblast, and an inner formed by the somatic mesoderm; the amnion is in contact with the latter.

The trophoblast is made up of an internal layer of cubical or prismatic cells, the cytotrophoblast or layer of Langhans, and an external layer of richly nucleated protoplasm devoid of cell boundaries, the syncytiotrophoblast.

Growth

The chorion undergoes rapid proliferation and forms numerous processes, the chorionic villi, which invade and destroy the uterine decidua and at the same time absorb from it nutritive materials for the growth of the embryo.

The chorionic villi are at first small and non-vascular, and consist of the trophoblast only, but they increase in size and ramify, whereas the mesoderm, carrying branches of the umbilical vessels, grows into them, and, in this way, are vascularized.

Blood is carried to the villi by the paired umbilical arteries, which branch into chorionic arteries and enter the chorionic villi as cotyledon arteries. After circulating through the capillaries of the villi, the blood is returned to the embryo by the umbilical vein. Until about the end of the second month of pregnancy, the villi cover the entire chorion, and are almost uniform in size; but, after this, they develop unequally.

Parts

The part of the chorion that is in contact with the decidua capsularis undergoes atrophy, so that by the fourth month scarcely a trace of the villi is left. This part of the chorion becomes smooth, and is named the chorion laeve (from the Latin word levis, meaning smooth). As it takes no share in the formation of the placenta, this is also named the non-placental part of the chorion. As the chorion grows, the chorion laeve comes in contact with the decidua parietalis and these layers fuse.

On the other hand, the villi at the embryonic pole, which is in contact with the decidua basalis, increase greatly in size and complexity, and hence this part is named the chorion frondosum.

Thus the placenta develops from the chorion frondosum and the decidua basalis.

Monochorionic twins

Monochorionic twins are twins that share the same placenta. It occurs in 0.3% of all pregnancies,^[1] and in 75% of monozygotic (identical) twins, when the split takes place on or after the third day after fertilization.^[2] The remaining 25% of monozygous twins become dichorionic diamniotic.^[2] The condition may affect any type of multiple birth, resulting in monochorionic multiples.

Additional images

Section through the embryo.
Diagram illustrating early formation of allantois and differentiation of body-stalk.
Diagram showing later stage of allantoic development with commencing constriction of the yolk-sac.
Scheme of placental circulation.

References

This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

^ Cordero L, Franco A, Joy SD, O'shaughnessy RW (December 2005). "Monochorionic diamniotic infants without twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome". Journal of Perinatology 25 (12): 753–8. doi:10.1038/sj.jp.7211405. PMID 16281049.
^ ^a ^b Shulman, Lee S.; van Vugt, John M. G. (2006). Prenatal medicine. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis. p. 447. ISBN 0-8247-2844-0.

External links

Histology image: 19903loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University — "Female Reproductive System: placenta, chorionic plate"
McGill

UpToDate Contents

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1. 双胎妊娠：出産前の問題 twin pregnancy prenatal issues
2. 双胎間輸血症候群：病因および診断 twin twin transfusion syndrome pathogenesis and diagnosis
3. 絨毛膜サンプリング検査：リスク、合併症、および手技 chorionic villus sampling
4. ヒト絨毛性性ゴナドトロピン：妊娠および妊娠性絨毛性疾患の検査と低検査値が持続する原因 human chorionic gonadotropin testing in pregnancy and gestational trophoblastic disease and causes of low persistent levels
5. Uncommon congenital adrenal hyperplasias

English Journal

Label-free electrochemical immunosensor based on gold-silicon carbide nanocomposites for sensitive detection of human chorionic gonadotrophin.

Yang L1, Zhao H2, Fan S1, Deng S2, Lv Q2, Lin J3, Li CP4.Author information 1School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China.2School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China.3School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China. Electronic address: jielinynu@126.com.4School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China. Electronic address: lcppp1974@sina.com.AbstractUniform and highly dispersed gold-silicon carbide (Au@SiC) nanocomposites were prepared via simple way and used for fabrication of label-free electrochemical immunosensor for sensitive detection of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). Using Au@SiC as electrode material and using ferricyanide as mediator, the proposed immunosensor provides a simple and economic method with higher sensitivity and a wider concentration range for detection of hCG. Under the optimal condition, the approach provided a good linear response range from 0.1 to 5IU/L and 5 to 1000IU/L with a low detection limit of 0.042IU/L. The immunosensor showed good selectivity, acceptable stability and reproducibility. Satisfactory results were obtained for determination of hCG in human serum samples. The proposed method provides a promising platform of clinical immunoassay for other biomolecules. In addition, the bio-functionalization of SiC combined with other nanomaterials will provide promising approach for electrochemical sensing and biosensing platform.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2014 Jul 15;57:199-206. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.02.019. Epub 2014 Feb 19.
Uniform and highly dispersed gold-silicon carbide (Au@SiC) nanocomposites were prepared via simple way and used for fabrication of label-free electrochemical immunosensor for sensitive detection of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). Using Au@SiC as electrode material and using ferricyanide as medi
PMID 24583692

Toxic effects of colloidal nanosilver in zebrafish embryos.

Olasagasti M1, Gatti AM, Capitani F, Barranco A, Pardo MA, Escuredo K, Rainieri S.Author information 1AZTI-Tecnalia, Food Research Division, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Astondo Bidea 609, 48160, Derio, Spain.AbstractA variety of consumer products containing silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are currently marketed. However, their safety for humans and for the environment has not yet been established and no standard method to assess their toxicity is currently available. The objective of this work was to develop an effective method to test Ag NP toxicity and to evaluate the effects of ion release and Ag NP size on a vertebrate model. To this aim, the zebrafish animal model was exposed to a solution of commercial nanosilver. While the exposure of embryos still surrounded by the chorion did not allow a definite estimation of the toxic effects exerted by the compound, the exposure for 48 h of 3-day-old zebrafish hatched embryos afforded a reliable evaluation of the effects of Ag NPs. The effects of the exposure were detected especially at molecular level; in fact, some selected genes expressed differentially after the exposure. The Ag NP toxic performance was due to the combined effect of Ag(+) ion release and Ag NP size. However, the effect of NP size was particularly detectable at the lowest concentration of nanosilver tested (0.01 mg l(-1) ) and depended on the solubilization media. The results obtained indicate that in vivo toxicity studies of nanosilver should be performed with ad hoc methods (in this case using hatched embryos) that might be different depending on the type of nanosilver. Moreover, the addition of this compound to commercial products should take into consideration the Ag NP solubilization media. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Journal of applied toxicology : JAT.J Appl Toxicol.2014 May;34(5):562-75. doi: 10.1002/jat.2975. Epub 2014 Jan 7.
A variety of consumer products containing silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are currently marketed. However, their safety for humans and for the environment has not yet been established and no standard method to assess their toxicity is currently available. The objective of this work was to develop an e
PMID 24395442

Mechanistic insights into the effect of nanoparticles on zebrafish hatch.

Ong KJ1, Zhao X, Thistle ME, Maccormack TJ, Clark RJ, Ma G, Martinez-Rubi Y, Simard B, Loo JS, Veinot JG, Goss GG.Author information 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB , Canada.AbstractAquatic organisms are susceptible to waterborne nanoparticles (NP) and there is only limited understanding of the mechanisms by which these emerging contaminants may affect biological processes. This study used silicon (nSi), cadmium selenide (nCdSe), silver (nAg) and zinc NPs (nZnO) as well as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) to assess NP effects on zebrafish (Danio rerio) hatch. Exposure of 10 mg/L nAg and nCdSe delayed zebrafish hatch and 100 mg/L of nCdSe as well as 10 and 100 mg/L of uncoated nZnO completely inhibited hatch and the embryos died within the chorion. Both the morphology and the movement of the embryos were not affected, and it was determined that the main mechanism of hatch inhibition by NPs is likely through the interaction of NPs with the zebrafish hatching enzyme. Furthermore, it was concluded that the observed effects arose from the NPs themselves and not their dissolved metal components.
Nanotoxicology.Nanotoxicology.2014 May;8(3):295-304. doi: 10.3109/17435390.2013.778345. Epub 2013 Mar 19.
Aquatic organisms are susceptible to waterborne nanoparticles (NP) and there is only limited understanding of the mechanisms by which these emerging contaminants may affect biological processes. This study used silicon (nSi), cadmium selenide (nCdSe), silver (nAg) and zinc NPs (nZnO) as well as sing
PMID 23421642

A simple and sensitive immunoassay for the determination of human chorionic gonadotropin by graphene-based chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer.

Lei J1, Jing T2, Zhou T1, Zhou Y1, Wu W1, Mei S1, Zhou Y1.Author information 1Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.2Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China. Electronic address: jingtao@hust.edu.cn.AbstractIn this study, we report a strategy of chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer (CRET) using graphene as an efficient long-range energy acceptor. Magnetic nanoparticles were also used in CRET for simple magnetic separation and immobilization of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled anti-HCG antibody. In the design of CRET system, the sandwich-type immunocomplex was formed between human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG, antigen) and two different antibodies bridged the magnetic nanoparticles and graphene (acceptors), which led to the occurrence of CRET from chemiluminescence light source to graphene. After optimizing the experimental conditions, the quenching of chemiluminescence signal depended linearly on the concentration of HCG in the range of 0.1 mIU mL(-1)-10 mIU mL(-1) and the detection limit was 0.06 mIU mL(-1). The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of HCG levels in saliva and serum samples, and the results were in good agreement with the plate ELISA with colorimetric detection. It could also be developed for detection of other antigen-antibody immune complexes by using the corresponding antigens and respective antibodies.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2014 Apr 15;54:72-7. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.10.033. Epub 2013 Oct 31.
In this study, we report a strategy of chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer (CRET) using graphene as an efficient long-range energy acceptor. Magnetic nanoparticles were also used in CRET for simple magnetic separation and immobilization of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled anti-HCG antibo
PMID 24252762

Japanese Journal

Physiology : Effect of a single injection of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) on testicular blood flow measured by color doppler ultrasonography in male Shiba goats

SAMIR Haney,SASAKI Kazuaki,AHMED Eman [他]
The journal of veterinary medical science 77(5), 549-556, 2015-05
NAID 40020489464

性腺外胚細胞腫の治療8年後に発生した精巣腫瘍の1例

谷尾信,青木芳隆,横井聡始 [他],伊藤秀明,大山伸幸,秋野裕信,横山修
泌尿器科紀要 = Acta urologica Japonica 61(4), 173-176, 2015-04
… The levels of human β-chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) were both elevated. …
NAID 120005611421

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins Are Mediators of Luteolysis in the Human Corpus Luteum

Nio-Kobayashi Junko,Trendell Jennifer,Giakoumelou Sevasti,Boswell Lyndsey,Nicol Linda,Kudo Masataka,Sakuragi Noriaki,Iwanaga Toshihiko,Duncan William Colin
Endocrinology 156(4), 1494-1503, 2015-04
… Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) down-regulated BMP2, BMP4, and BMP6 transcripts both in vivo (P=.05-.001) and in vitro (P<.001), and decreased the mRNA abundance of BMP receptors (BMPR1A, BMPR1B, BMPR2; …
NAID 120005611263

絨毛癌膵転移との鑑別を要した原発性膵癌の1例

松井綾子,伊島正志,栗原英心,綿貫雄太,深井泰守,石原眞悟,高橋和宏,畑中健,増尾貴成,水出雅文,草野元康
Progress of Digestive Endoscopy 86(1), 226-227, 2015
… We suspected metastatic pancreatic cancer of choriocarcinoma, because the serum level of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were elevated. …
NAID 130005084340

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ヒト絨毛性ゴナドトロピン」「絨毛性」「trophoblastic」「コリオン」「serosal」
拡張検索	「chorionic gonadotropin」「monochorionic diamniotic twin」「monochorionic diamniotic twins」

「ヒト絨毛性ゴナドトロピン」

Chorion
	Diagram showing earliest observed stage of human embryo.
	Human fetus, enclosed in the amnion.
Details
Latin	chorion
Identifiers
Gray's	p.60
MeSH	A10.615.284.473
Code	TE E5.11.3.1.1.0.3
	Anatomical terminology