WordNet

the membrane that forms the wall of the blastocyst in early development; aids implantation in the uterine wall; "after implantation of the blastocyst in the uterine wall the trophoblast divides into two layers, the chorion and the placenta"
of or relating to the trophoblast; "trophoblastic cancer"
malignant neoplasm of the uterus derived from the epithelium of the chorion

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/22 00:53:44」(JST)

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Trophoblasts (from Greek trephein: to feed, and blastos: germinator) are cells forming the outer layer of a blastocyst, which provide nutrients to the embryo and develop into a large part of the placenta. They are formed during the first stage of pregnancy and are the first cells to differentiate from the fertilized egg. This layer of trophoblasts is also collectively referred to as "the trophoblast",^[1] or, after gastrulation,^[2] the trophectoderm, as it is then contiguous with the ectoderm of the embryo.

StructureEdit

The trophoblast proliferates and differentiates into 2 cell layers at approximately 6 days after fertilization for humans:

Layer	Location	Description
cytotrophoblast	inner layer	Single celled, inner layer of the trophoblast.
syncytiotrophoblast	outer layer	Thick layer that lacks cell boundaries and grows into the endometrial stroma. It secretes hCG in order to maintain progesterone secretion and sustain a pregnancy.
intermediate trophoblast (IT)	implantation site, chorion, villi (dependent on subtype)	anchor placenta (implanation site IT), unknown (chorionic & villus IT)

FunctionEdit

Trophoblasts are specialized cells of the placenta that play an important role in embryo implantation and interaction with the decidualised maternal uterus. The core of placental villi contain mesenchymal cells and placental blood vessels that are directly connected to the fetal circulation via the umbilical cord. This core is surrounded by two layers of trophoblast; a single layer of mononuclear cytotrophoblast that fuse together to form the overlying multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast layer that covers the entire surface of the placenta. It is this syncytiotrophoblast that is in direct contact with the maternal blood that reaches the placental surface, and thus facilitates the exchange of nutrients, wastes and gases between the maternal and fetal systems.^{[citation needed]}

In addition, cytotrophoblast in the tips of villi can differentiate into another type of trophoblast called the extravillous trophoblast. Extravillous trophoblast grow out from the placenta and penetrate into the decidualised uterus. This process is essential not only for physically attaching the placenta to the mother, but also for altering the vasculature in the uterus to allow it to provide an adequate blood supply to the growing fetus as pregnancy progresses. Some of these trophoblast even replace the endothelial cells in the uterine spiral arteries as they remodel these vessels into wide bore conduits that are independent of maternal vasoconstriction. This ensures the fetus receives a steady supply of blood, and the placenta is not subjected to fluctuations in oxygen that could cause it damage.^{[citation needed]}

Clinical significanceEdit

The invasion of a specific type of trophoblast (extravillous trophoblast) into the maternal uterus is a vital stage in the establishment of pregnancy. Failure of the trophoblast to invade sufficiently is important in the development of some cases of pre-eclampsia. Too firm an attachment may lead to placenta accreta.

Gestational trophoblastic disease represents a form of proliferation.

Additional imagesEdit

Blastodermic vesicle of Vespertilio murinus.
Section through embryonic disk of Vespertilio murinus.
Transverse section of a chorionic villus.
Scheme of placental circulation.
The initial stages of human embryogenesis

ReferencesEdit

^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/606502/trophoblast
^ Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary > trophectoderm Retrieved August 2010

External linksEdit

Swiss embryology (from UL, UB, and UF) iperiodembry/carnegie02

UpToDate Contents

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1. 妊娠性絨毛性疾患：病理 gestational trophoblastic disease pathology
2. 胎盤の肉眼的評価 gross examination of the placenta
3. ヒト絨毛性性ゴナドトロピン検査 human chorionic gonadotropin testing
4. 胎盤疾患の病理組織学 histopathology of placental disorders

English Journal

Dynamic Regulation of AP-1 Transcriptional Complexes Directs Trophoblast Differentiation.

Kubota K1, Kent LN2, Rumi MA2, Roby KF3, Soares MJ1.
Molecular and cellular biology.Mol Cell Biol.2015 Sep 15;35(18):3163-77. doi: 10.1128/MCB.00118-15. Epub 2015 Jul 6.
Placentation is a process that establishes the maternal-fetal interface and is required for successful pregnancy. The epithelial component of the placenta consists of trophoblast cells, which possess the capacity for multilineage differentiation and are responsible for placenta-specific functions. F
PMID 26149388

YC-1 reduces placental sFlt-1 and soluble endoglin production and decreases endothelial dysfunction: A possible therapeutic for preeclampsia.

Brownfoot FC1, Tong S2, Hannan NJ2, Hastie R2, Cannon P2, Tuohey L2, Kaitu'u-Lino TJ2.
Molecular and cellular endocrinology.Mol Cell Endocrinol.2015 Sep 15;413:202-8. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.06.033. Epub 2015 Jul 6.
Preeclampsia is a serious complication of pregnancy with no medical treatment. It is caused by intermittent placental hypoxia and release of sFlt-1 and soluble endoglin, leading to wide spread maternal endothelial dysfunction and multisystem organ injury. YC-1 is a guanylyl cyclase activator and HIF
PMID 26159901

Low concentrations of Bisphenol A and para-Nonylphenol affect extravillous pathway of human trophoblast cells.

Spagnoletti A1, Paulesu L1, Mannelli C1, Ermini L1, Romagnoli R1, Cintorino M2, Ietta F3.
Molecular and cellular endocrinology.Mol Cell Endocrinol.2015 Sep 5;412:56-64. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.05.023. Epub 2015 May 28.
Bisphenol A (BPA) and para-Nonylphenol (p-NP) are chemicals of industrial origin which may influence human reproductive health. The effects of these substances in the prenatal life is an important topic that is receiving greater attention in the developed countries. In this study, human trophoblast
PMID 26027920

Expression of CCL22 and Infiltration by Regulatory T Cells are Increased in the Decidua of Human Miscarriage Placentas.

Freier CP1,2, Kuhn C1, Rapp M2, Endres S2, Mayr D3, Friese K1, Anz D4, Jeschke U1.
American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989).Am J Reprod Immunol.2015 Sep;74(3):216-27. doi: 10.1111/aji.12399. Epub 2015 Apr 28.
PROBLEM: Regulatory T cells (Treg) are a T-cell subpopulation with suppressive capacities, specifically attracted by CCL22. We aimed to investigate whether CCL22 is expressed in human placentas and whether its presence, together with Treg infiltration, is associated with miscarriage conditions.METHO
PMID 25922986

Japanese Journal

4)免疫学的異常による流産原因の解明(シンポジウム1「流産の原因と対策」,第63回日本産科婦人科学会・学術講演会)

中島彰俊
日本産科婦人科學會雜誌 63(12), 2185-2197, 2011-12-01
… Additionally, decidual NK cells produce a number of cytokines that promote trophoblast proliferation and differentiation, as well as angiogenesis factors. …
NAID 110008799037

Differential expression and the anti-apoptotic effect of human placental neurotrophins and their receptors.

Fujita K,Tatsumi K,Kondoh E,Chigusa Y,Mogami H,Fujii T,Yura S,Kakui K,Konishi I
Placenta 32(10), 737-744, 2011-10
… TrkB, a NTR, mRNA was expressed on decidual and villous tissue and increased with gestational age, localizing in the trophoblast layer and endothelium by immunohistochemistry. …
NAID 120003477795

Regulation of Trophoblast-Specific Factors by GATA2 and GATA3 in Bovine Trophoblast CT-1 Cells

BAI Hanako,SAKURAI Toshihiro,SOMEYA Yohhei,KONNO Toshihiro,IDETA Atsushi,AOYAGI Yoshito,IMAKAWA Kazuhiko
The Journal of reproduction and development 57(4), 518-525, 2011-08-01
… Numerous transcription factors that regulate trophoblast developmental processes have been identified; … however, the regulation of trophoblast-specific gene expression has not been definitively characterized. … While a new role of Gata3 in trophoblast development was being demonstrated in mice, we examined effects of GATA transcription factors on conceptus interferon tau (IFNT), a major trophectoderm factor in ruminants. …
NAID 10029593379

Related Pictures

Function of Trophoblast |Genetic Engineering Info Intermediate trophoblast - Wikiwand File:Intermediate trophoblast - intermed mag.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Trophoblasts; Cytotrophoblasts; Syncytiotrophoblasts Trophoblast - Embryology Control of human trophoblast function | Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology | Full Text

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「栄養膜」「栄養芽細胞」「trophoblastic」「栄養芽層」「ectoplacental」
拡張検索	「gestational trophoblastic neoplasia」「giant plasmoditrophoblast」「giant syncytial trophoblast」「giant syncytiotrophoblast」

「栄養膜」

Trophoblast
	Blastocyst with an inner cell mass and trophoblast.
Details
Days	6
Gives rise to	caul
Identifiers
Latin	trophoblastus; massa cellularis externa
MeSH	A16.254.085.162
TE	E6.0.1.1.2.0.2
FMA	83029
	Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]