WordNet

a stage in meiosis or mitosis
the act of dividing or partitioning; separation by the creation of a boundary that divides or keeps apart (同)partition, partitioning, segmentation, sectionalization, sectionalisation
an arithmetic operation that is the inverse of multiplication; the quotient of two numbers is computed
the act or process of dividing
a unit of the United States Air Force usually comprising two or more wings (同)air division
a group of ships of similar type (同)naval division
discord that splits a group (同)variance
(biology) a group of organisms forming a subdivision of a larger category
(botany) taxonomic unit of plants corresponding to a phylum
an administrative unit in government or business
an army unit large enough to sustain combat; "two infantry divisions were held in reserve"
small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉分けること,『分割』,分離;『分配』 / 〈C〉(分割された)部分 / 〈U〉(意見・感情の相違による)分裂,不一致,不和 / 〈U〉割り算 / 〈C〉仕切り;境界線 / 〈C〉(官庁・会社の)『部門』;(大学の)学部 / 〈C〉《集合的に》(陸軍で)師団;(海軍で)分艦隊 / 〈C〉(英議会の)票決,採決
(刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/10/12 19:12:23」(JST)

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Three types of cell division

Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.^[1] Cell division usually occurs as part of a larger cell cycle. In eukaryotes, there are two distinct types of cell division: a vegetative division, whereby each daughter cell is genetically identical to the parent cell (mitosis),^[2] and a reproductive cell division, whereby the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells is reduced by half, to produce haploid gametes (meiosis). Meiosis results in four haploid daughter cells by undergoing one round of DNA replication followed by two divisions: homologous chromosomes are separated in the first division, and sister chromatids are separated in the second division.^[3] Both of these cell division cycles are used in sexually reproducing organisms at some point in their life cycle, and both are believed to be present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor. Prokaryotes also undergo a vegetative cell division known as binary fission, where their genetic material is segregated equally into two daughter cells. All cell divisions, regardless of organism, are preceded by a single round of DNA replication.

For simple unicellular organisms^{[Note 1]} such as the amoeba, one cell division is equivalent to reproduction – an entire new organism is created. On a larger scale, mitotic cell division can create progeny from multicellular organisms, such as plants that grow from cuttings. Cell division also enables sexually reproducing organisms to develop from the one-celled zygote, which itself was produced by cell division from gametes. And after growth, cell division allows for continual construction and repair of the organism.^[4] A human being's body experiences about 10 quadrillion cell divisions in a lifetime.^[5]

The primary concern of cell division is the maintenance of the original cell's genome. Before division can occur, the genomic information that is stored in chromosomes must be replicated, and the duplicated genome must be separated cleanly between cells. A great deal of cellular infrastructure is involved in keeping genomic information consistent between "generations".

Variants

Image of the mitotic spindle in a human cell showing microtubules in green, chromosomes (DNA) in blue, and kinetochores in red.

Cells are classified into two main categories: simple, non-nucleated prokaryotic cells, and complex, nucleated eukaryotic cells. Owing to their structural differences, eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells do not divide in the same way. Also, the pattern of cell division that transforms eukaryotic stem cells into gametes (sperm cells in males or ova – egg cells – in females) is different from that of the somatic cell division in the cells of the body.

Cell division over 42 hours. The cells were directly imaged in the cell culture vessel, using non-invasive quantitative phase contrast time-lapse microscopy.^[6]

Degradation

Multicellular organisms replace worn-out cells through cell division. In some animals, however, cell division eventually halts. In humans this occurs on average, after 52 divisions, known as the Hayflick limit. The cell is then referred to as senescent. Cells stop dividing because the telomeres, protective bits of DNA on the end of a chromosome required for replication, shorten with each copy, eventually being consumed. Cancer cells, on the other hand, are not thought to degrade in this way, if at all. An enzyme called telomerase, present in large quantities in cancerous cells, rebuilds the telomeres, allowing division to continue indefinitely.

Notes

^ Single cell organisms. See discussion within lead of the article on microorganism.

References

^ Robert.S Hine, ed. (2008). Oxford Dictionary Biology (6th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-19-920462-5.
^ Griffiths, Anthony J.F.; Wessler, Susan R.; Carroll, Sean B.; Doebley, John (2012). Introduction to Genetic Analysis (10 ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-4292-2943-2.
^ Griffiths JF, Gelbart WM, Lewontin RC, Wessler SR, Suzuki DT, Miller JH (2005). Introduction to Genetic Analysis. New York: W.H. Freeman and Co. pp. 34–40, 473–476, 626–629. ISBN 0-7167-4939-4.
^ Maton, Anthea (1997). Cells: Building Blocks of Life. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. pp. 70–74. ISBN 0-13-423476-6.
^ Quammen, David (April 2008). "Contagious cancer: The evolution of a killer". Harper's. 316 (1895): 42. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
^ Phase Holographic Imaging. Cell Division

External links

How Cells Divide: Mitosis vs. Meiosis
The Mitosis and Cell Cycle Control Section from the Landmark Papers in Cell Biology (Gall JG, McIntosh JR, eds.) contains commentaries on and links to seminal research papers on mitosis and cell division. Published online in the Image & Video Library of The American Society for Cell Biology
The Image & Video Library of The American Society for Cell Biology contains many videos showing the cell division.
Videos of the first cell divisions in Xenopus laevis embryos (side view^{[dead link]} and top view), acquired by MRI (DOI of paper)
Images : Calanthe discolor Lindl. - Flavon's Secret Flower Garden
Tyson's model of cell division and a Description on BioModels Database
WormWeb.org: Interactive Visualization of the C. elegans Cell Lineage - Visualize the entire set of cell divisions of the nematode C. elegans

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Influence of postharvest UV-B treatment and fermentation on secondary plant compounds in white cabbage leaves.

Harbaum-Piayda B1, Palani K2, Schwarz K2.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Apr 15;197(Pt A):47-56. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.10.065. Epub 2015 Oct 17.
The influence of postharvest UV-B on its own and in combination with fermentation (e.g. sauerkraut production) on formation and degradation of bioactive compounds was investigated in white cabbage, processed according to traditional Chinese fermentation methods. The pattern of polyphenols was affect
PMID 26616923

Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities in immature and mature wheat kernels.

Kim MJ1, Kim SS2.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Apr 1;196:638-45. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.09.095. Epub 2015 Sep 30.
The purpose of this study was to investigate health benefit-related parameters such as antioxidant contents and antiproliferative activities in immature wheat compared to mature wheat. Immature and mature wheats were harvested 35 and 45days after the heading date, respectively; steamed immature whea
PMID 26593537

Adaptation of Volvariella volvacea metabolism in high carbon to nitrogen ratio media.

Diamantopoulou P1, Papanikolaou S2, Aggelis G3, Philippoussis A4.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Apr 1;196:272-80. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.09.027. Epub 2015 Sep 10.
Increasing glucose concentration (up to 46%) in the culture medium of Volvariella volvacea resulted in a noticeable biomass increase (63.82%) and intracellular polysaccharide (IPS) production (32.84% in absolute and 51.34% in relative values). In high glucose concentrations, decreased biomass yields
PMID 26593492

Japanese Journal

細胞分裂阻害剤コルヒチンのオオミジンコDaphnia magnaの繁殖に及ぼす影響

日本プランクトン学会報 = Bulletin of the Plankton Society of Japan 63(2), 45-54, 2016-08
NAID 40020938678

Electron extraction mechanisms of a micro-ECR neutralizer

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 55(7S2), 07LD09, 2016-06-24
NAID 150000112818

Analysis of a Stochastic Model for Bacterial Growth and the Lognormality of the Cell-Size Distribution

Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 85(7), 074004-1-7, 2016-06-23
NAID 40020880786

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「細胞分裂」「M phase」「cell cleavage」
拡張検索	「asymmetric cell division」「cell division cycle」「cell division cycle mutant」
関連記事	「division」「cell」