n.

(分類学;動物の)門

関: division、gate、phyla

WordNet

(biology) the major taxonomic group of animals and plants; contains classes
(linguistics) a large group of languages that are historically related
the act of dividing or partitioning; separation by the creation of a boundary that divides or keeps apart (同)partition, partitioning, segmentation, sectionalization, sectionalisation
an arithmetic operation that is the inverse of multiplication; the quotient of two numbers is computed
the act or process of dividing
a unit of the United States Air Force usually comprising two or more wings (同)air division
a group of ships of similar type (同)naval division
discord that splits a group (同)variance
(biology) a group of organisms forming a subdivision of a larger category
(botany) taxonomic unit of plants corresponding to a phylum
an administrative unit in government or business
an army unit large enough to sustain combat; "two infantry divisions were held in reserve"
(biology) a taxonomic group ranking between a phylum and a class
(biology) a taxonomic group ranking between a phylum and below a class or subclass

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(動物・植物の分類上の)門
〈U〉分けること,『分割』,分離;『分配』 / 〈C〉(分割された)部分 / 〈U〉(意見・感情の相違による)分裂,不一致,不和 / 〈U〉割り算 / 〈C〉仕切り;境界線 / 〈C〉(官庁・会社の)『部門』;(大学の)学部 / 〈C〉《集合的に》(陸軍で)師団;(海軍で)分艦隊 / 〈C〉(英議会の)票決,採決

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/01/22 09:34:55」(JST)

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The hierarchy of biological classification's eight major taxonomic ranks. A kingdom contains one or more phyla. Intermediate minor rankings are not shown.

In biology, a phylum (/ˈfaɪləm/; plural: phyla)^{[note 1]} is a taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class. Traditionally, in botany the term division is used instead of "phylum", although in 1993 the International Botanical Congress accepted the designation "phylum".^[1]^[2] The kingdom Animalia contains approximately 35 phyla; the kingdom Plantae contains 12 phyla. Current research in phylogenetics is uncovering the relationships between phyla, which are contained in larger clades, like Ecdysozoa and Embryophyta.

1 General description and familiar examples
- 1.1 Definition based on genetic relation
- 1.2 Definition based on body plan
2 Lists
- 2.1 Animal phyla
- 2.2 Groups formerly ranked as phyla
- 2.3 Land plant divisions
- 2.4 Fungal divisions
- 2.5 Protista phyla
- 2.6 Bacterial phyla/divisions
- 2.7 Archaeal phyla/division/kingdoms
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links

General description and familiar examples

Concepts of Phyla have changed importantly from their origins in the six Linnaean classes and the four "embranchements" of Georges Cuvier.^[3] Haeckel introduced the term phylum, based on the Greek word phylon.^[4] In plant taxonomy, Eichler (1883) classified all plants into five groups, named divisions. ^[5] Informally, phyla can be thought of as grouping organisms based on general specialization of body plan.^[6] At the most basic level, a phylum can be defined in two ways: as a group of organisms with a certain degree of morphological or developmental similarity (the phenetic definition), or a group of organisms with a certain degree of evolutionary relatedness (the phylogenetic definition).^[7] Attempting to define a level of the Linnean hierarchy without referring to (evolutionary) relatedness is an unsatisfactory approach, but the phenetic definition is more useful when addressing questions of a morphological nature—such as how successful different body plans were.

Definition based on genetic relation

The largest objective measure in the above definitions is the "certain degree"—how unrelated do organisms need to be to be members of different phyla? The minimal requirement is that all organisms in a phylum should be related closely enough for them to be clearly more closely related to one another than to any other group.^[7] Even this is problematic as the requirement depends on knowledge of organisms' relationships: As more data become available, particularly from molecular studies, we are better able to judge the relationships between groups. So phyla can be merged or split if it becomes apparent that they are related to one another or not. For example, the bearded worms were described as a new phylum (the Pogonophora) in the middle of the 20th century, but molecular work almost half a century later found them as a group of annelids and merged the phyla, so that the bearded worms are now an annelid family.^[8] Likewise, the highly parasitic phylum Mesozoa was divided into two phyla Orthonectida and Rhombozoa, when it was discovered the Orthonectida are probably deuterostomes and the Rhombozoa protostomes.^[9]

This changeability of phyla has led some biologists to call for the concept of a phylum to be abandoned in favour of cladistics, a method in which groups are placed on a "family tree" without any formal ranking of group size.^[7]

Definition based on body plan

A "body-plan" based definition of a phylum has been proposed by paleontologists Graham Budd and Sören Jensen. The definition was posited because extinct organisms are typically hardest to classify; they can be off-shoots that diverged from a phylum's line before the characters that define the modern phylum were all acquired. By Budd and Jensen's definition, phyla are defined by a set of characters shared by all their living representatives. This has a couple of small problems—for instance, characters common to most members of a phylum may be secondarily lost by some members. It is also defined based on an arbitrary point of time (the present). However, as it is character based, it is easy to apply to the fossil record. A more major problem is that it relies on an objective decision of which group of organisms should be considered a phylum.

Its utility is that it makes it easy to classify extinct organisms as "stem groups" to the phyla with which they bear the most resemblance, based only on the taxonomically important similarities.^[7] However, proving that a fossil belongs to the crown group of a phylum is difficult, as it must display a character unique to a sub-set of the crown group.^[7] Furthermore, organisms in the stem group of a phylum can possess the "body plan" of the phylum without all the characteristics necessary to fall within it. This weakens the idea that each of the phyla represents a distinct body plan.^[10]

Based upon this definition, which some^[who?] say is unreasonably affected by the chance survival of rare groups, which vastly increase the size of phyla, representatives of many modern phyla did not appear until long after the Cambrian.^[11]

Lists

Animal phyla

Phylum	Meaning	Common name	Distinguishing characteristic	Species described
Acanthocephala	Thorny headed worms	Thorny-headed worms	Reversible spiny proboscis that bears many rows of hooked spines	7002756000000000000approx. 756
Acoelomorpha	Without gut	Acoels	No mouth or alimentary canal (alimentary canal = digestive tract in digestive system)
Annelida	Little ring	Segmented worms	Multiple circular segment	700417000000000000017,000+ extant
Arthropoda	Jointed foot	Arthropods	Segmented bodies and jointed limbs, with Chitin exoskeleton	70061134000000000001,134,000+
Brachiopoda	Arm foot	Lamp shells	Lophophore and pedicle	7002300000000000000300-500 extant
Bryozoa	Moss animals	Moss animals, sea mats	Lophophore, no pedicle, ciliated tentacles, anus outside ring of cilia	70035000000000000005,000 extant
Chaetognatha	Longhair jaw	Arrow worms	Chitinous spines either side of head, fins	7002100000000000000approx. 100 extant
Chordata	With a cord	Chordates	Hollow dorsal nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal slits, endostyle, post-anal tail	7005100000000000000approx. 100,000+
Cnidaria	Stinging nettle	—	Nematocysts (stinging cells)	7004110000000000000approx. 11,000
Ctenophora	Comb bearer	Comb jellies	Eight "comb rows" of fused cilia	7002100000000000000approx. 100 extant
Cycliophora	Wheel carrying	Symbion	Circular mouth surrounded by small cilia, sac-like bodies	70003000000000000003+
Echinodermata	Spiny skin	Echinoderms	Fivefold radial symmetry in living forms, mesodermal calcified spines	7003700000000000000approx. 7,000 extant; approx. 13,000 extinct
Entoprocta	Inside anus	Goblet worm	Anus inside ring of cilia	7002150000000000000approx. 150
Gastrotricha	Hair stomach	—	Two terminal adhesive tubes	7002690000000000000approx. 690
Gnathostomulida	Jaw orifice	Jaw worms		7002100000000000000approx. 100
Hemichordata	Half cord	Acorn worms, pterobranchs	Stomochord in collar, pharyngeal slits	7002100000000000000approx. 100 extant
Kinorhyncha	Motion snout	Mud dragons	Eleven segments, each with a dorsal plate	7002150000000000000approx. 150
Loricifera	Corset bearer	Brush heads	Umbrella-like scales at each end	7002122000000000000approx. 122
Micrognathozoa	Tiny jaw animals	—	Accordion-like extensible thorax	70001000000000000001
Mollusca	Soft	Mollusks / molluscs	Muscular foot and mantle round shell	7005112000000000000112,000^[12]
Nematoda	Thread like	Round worms	Round cross section, keratin cuticle	700480000000000000080,000–100,000
Nematomorpha	Thread form	Horsehair worms		7002320000000000000approx. 320
Nemertea	A sea nymph	Ribbon worms		7003120000000000000approx. 1,200
Onychophora	Claw bearer	Velvet worms	Legs tipped by chitinous claws	7002200000000000000approx. 200 extant
Orthonectida	Straight swim		Single layer of ciliated cells surrounding a mass of sex cells	7001200000000000000approx. 20
Phoronida	Zeus's mistress	Horseshoe worms	U-shaped gut	700111000000000000011
Placozoa	Plate animals		Differentiated top and bottom surfaces, two ciliated cell layers, amoeboid fiber cells in between	70001000000000000001
Platyhelminthes	Flat worm	Flatworms		7004250000000000000approx. 25,000^[13]
Porifera*	Pore bearer	Sponges	Perforated interior wall	70035000000000000005,000+ extant
Priapulida	Little Priapus			~16
Rhombozoa	Lozenge animal	—	Single anteroposterior axial cell surrounded by ciliated cells	700175000000000000075
Rotifera	Wheel bearer	Rotifers	Anterior crown of cilia	7003200000000000000approx. 2,000
Sipuncula	Small tube	Peanut worms	Mouth surrounded by invertible tentacles	7002144000000000000144–320
Tardigrada	Slow step	Water bears	Four segmented body and head	70031000000000000001,000+
Xenoturbellida	Strange flatworm	—	Ciliated deuterostome	70002000000000000002
Total: 35				2,000,000+

	Protostome	Bilateria
	Deuterostome
	Basal/disputed
	Others (Radiata or Parazoa)

Groups formerly ranked as phyla

Name as phylum	Common name	Current consensus
Acanthocephala	Thorny-headed worms	Severely modified Rotifers.
Aschelminthes	Pseudocoelomates	Divided into several pseudocoelomate phyla.
Craniata	—	Subgroup of phylum Chordata; perhaps synonymous with Vertebrata.
Cephalochordata	Lancelets	Subphylum of phylum Chordata.
Cephalorhyncha	—	Superphylum Scalidophora.
Coelenterata	—	Divided into phyla Cnidaria and Ctenophora.
Echiura	Spoon worms	Class of phylum Annelida.
Enteropneusta	Acorn worms	Class of phylum Hemichordata.
Gephyra	Peanut worms and spoon worms	Divided into phyla Sipuncula and Echiura.
Mesozoa	Mesozoans	Divided into phyla Orthonectida and Rhombozoa.
Myxozoa		Severely modified Cnidarians.
Pentastomida	Tongue worms	Subclass of Maxillopoda of phylum Arthropoda.
Pogonophora	Beard worms	Part of family Siboglinidae of phylum Annelida.
Pterobranchia	—	Class of phylum Hemichordata.
Symplasma	Glass sponges	Class Hexactinellida of phylum Porifera.
Urochordata	Tunicates	Subphylum of phylum Chordata.
Vestimentifera	Vent worms	Part of family Siboglinidae of phylum Annelida.
Total: 16

Land plant divisions

The ten Divisions into which plants, here defined as living (extant) land plants, may be placed are shown in the table below. This definition excludes the algal Divisions Chlorophyta and Charophyta which are included in the clade Viridiplantae (see also current definitions of Plantae). The definition and classification of plants at this level varies from source to source. Thus some sources place horsetails in division Arthrophyta and ferns in division Pteridophyta,^[14] while others place them both in Pteridophyta, as shown below. The division Pinophyta may be used for all gymnosperms (i.e. including cycads, ginkgos and gnetophytes),^[15] or for conifers alone as below.

Since the first publication of the APG system in 1998, which proposed a classification of angiosperms to the level of orders, many sources have preferred to treat ranks higher than orders as informal clades. Where formal ranks have been provided, the traditional divisions listed below have been reduced to a very much lower level, e.g. subclasses.^[16]

Division	Meaning	Common name	Distinguishing characteristics
Anthocerotophyta^[17]	Anthoceros-like plants	Hornworts	Horn-shaped sporophytes, no vascular system
Bryophyta^[18]	Bryum-like plants, moss plants	Mosses	Persistent unbranched sporophytes, no vascular system
Marchantiophyta,^[19] Hepatophyta^[18]	Marchantia-like plants liver plants	Liverworts	Ephemeral unbranched sporophytes, no vascular system
Lycopodiophyta,^[20] Lycophyta^[21]	Lycopodium-like plants "wolf" plants	Clubmosses & spikemosses	Microphyll leaves, vascular system
Pteridophyta^{[citation needed]}	Pteris-like plants, fern plants	Ferns & horsetails	Prothallus gametophytes, vascular system
Pinophyta,^{[citation needed]} Coniferophyta^[22]	Pinus-like plants Cone-bearing plants	Conifers	Cones containing seeds and wood composed of tracheids
Cycadophyta^[23]	Cycas-like plants, palm-like plants	Cycads	Seeds, crown of compound leaves
Ginkgophyta^[24]	Ginkgo-like plants	Ginkgo, Maidenhair	Seeds not protected by fruit (single living species)
Gnetophyta^[25]	Gnetum-like plants	Gnetophytes	Seeds and woody vascular system with vessels
Flowering plant Anthophyta	flowering plants	Flowering plants, angiosperms	Flowers and fruit, vascular system with vessels
Total: 10

Fungal divisions

Phylum	Meaning	Common name	Distinguishing characteristics
Chytridiomycota	Little pot mushroom	Chytrids	Cellulose in cell walls, flagellated gametes
Deuteromycota	Second mushroom	Imperfect fungi	Unclassified fungi; only asexual reproduction observed no other major distinguishments
Zygomycota	Yolk mushroom	Zygomycetes	Blend gametangia to form a zygosporangium
Glomeromycota	Ball mushroom	None	Form arbuscular mycorrhizae with plants
Ascomycota	Bag/Wineskin Mushroom	Sac fungi	Produce spores in an 'ascus' which is a kind of fruiting bud
Basidiomycota	Basidium Mushroom	Club Fungi	Produce spores from a 'basidium' which is a kind of fruiting bud
Total: 6

Protista phyla

Bacterial phyla/divisions

Currently there are 29 phyla accepted by LPSN^[26]

Acidobacteria, phenotipically diverse and mostly uncultured
Actinobacteria, High-G+C Gram positive species
Aquificae, only 14 thermophilic genera, deep branching
Bacteroidetes
Caldiserica, formerly candidate division OP5, Caldisericum exile is the sole representative
Chlamydiae, only 6 genera
Chlorobi, only 7 genera
Chloroflexi,
Chrysiogenetes, only 3 genera (Chrysiogenes arsenatis, Desulfurispira natronophila, Desulfurispirillum alkaliphilum)
Cyanobacteria, also known as the blue-green algae
Deferribacteres
Deinococcus-Thermus, Deinococcus radiodurans and Thermus aquaticus are "commonly known" species of this phyla
Dictyoglomi
Elusimicrobia, formerly candidate division Thermite Group 1
Fibrobacteres
Firmicutes, Low-G+C Gram positive species, such as the spore-formers Bacilli (aerobic) and Clostridia (anaerobic)
Fusobacteria
Gemmatimonadetes
Lentisphaerae, formerly clade VadinBE97
Nitrospira
Planctomycetes
Proteobacteria, the most known phyla, containing species such as Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Spirochaetes, species include Borrelia burgdorferi, which causes Lyme disease
Synergistetes
Tenericutes, alternatively class Mollicutes in phylum Firmicutes (notable genus: Mycoplasma)
Thermodesulfobacteria
Thermomicrobia
Thermotogae, deep branching
Verrucomicrobia

Archaeal phyla/division/kingdoms

Crenarchaeota, Second most common archaeal phylum
Euryarchaeota, most common archaeal phylum
Korarchaeota
Nanoarchaeota, ultra-small symbiotes, single known species
Thaumarchaeota

Notes

^ The term was coined by Haeckel from Greek φῦλον phylon, "race, stock," related to φυλή phyle, "tribe, clan."

References

^ "Life sciences". The American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy (third ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. 2005. Retrieved 2008-10-04. Phyla in the plant kingdom are frequently called divisions.
^ Berg, Linda R. (2007-03-02). Introductory Botany: Plants, People, and the Environment (2 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 15. ISBN 9780534466695. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
^ Collins AG, Valentine JW (2001). "Defining phyla: evolutionary pathways to metazoan body plans." Evol. Dev. 3: 432-442.
^ Valentine 2004, p. 8.
^ Naik, V. N. (1984). Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, p. 27.
^ Valentine, James W. (2004). On the Origin of Phyla. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press. p. 7. ISBN 0-226-84548-6. "Classifications of organisms in hierarchical systems were in use by the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Usually organisms were grouped according to their what? morphological similarities as perceived by those early workers, and those groups were then grouped according to their similarities, and so on, to form a hierarchy."
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Budd, G.E.; Jensen, S. (2000). "A critical reappraisal of the fossil record of the bilaterian phyla". Biological Reviews 75 (2): 253–295. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1999.tb00046.x. PMID 10881389. Retrieved 2007-05-26.
^ Rouse G.W. (2001). "A cladistic analysis of Siboglinidae Caullery, 1914 (Polychaeta, Annelida): formerly the phyla Pogonophora and Vestimentifera". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 132 (1): 55–80. doi:10.1006/zjls.2000.0263.
^ Pawlowski J, Montoya-Burgos JI, Fahrni JF, Wüest J, Zaninetti L (October 1996). "Origin of the Mesozoa inferred from 18S rRNA gene sequences". Mol. Biol. Evol. 13 (8): 1128–32. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025675. PMID 8865666.
^ Budd, G.E. (1998). "Arthropod body-plan evolution in the Cambrian with an example from anomalocaridid muscle". Lethaia (Blackwell Synergy) 31 (3): 197–210. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1998.tb00508.x.
^ Briggs, D. E. G; Fortey, R. A (2005). "Wonderful strife: systematics, stem groups, and the phylogenetic signal of the Cambrian radiation". Paleobiology 31 (2 (Suppl)): 94–112. doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2005)031[0094:WSSSGA]2.0.CO;2.
^ Feldkamp, S. (2002) Modern Biology. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, USA. (pp. 725)
^ Species Register. "Flatworms — Phylum Platyhelminthes". Marine Discovery Centres. Retrieved 2007-04-09.
^ Mauseth 2012, pp. 514, 517.
^ Cronquist, A.; A. Takhtajan; W. Zimmermann (1966). "On the higher taxa of Embryobionta". Taxon (International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT)) 15 (15): 129–134. doi:10.2307/1217531. JSTOR 1217531.
^ Chase, Mark W. & Reveal, James L. (2009), "A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 (2): 122–127, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x
^ Mauseth, James D. (2012). Botany : An Introduction to Plant Biology (5th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1-4496-6580-7. p. 489
^ ^a ^b Mauseth 2012, p. 489.
^ Crandall-Stotler, Barbara; Stotler, Raymond E. (2000). "Morphology and classification of the Marchantiophyta". In A. Jonathan Shaw & Bernard Goffinet (Eds.). Bryophyte Biology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 21. ISBN 0-521-66097-1.
^ Cronquist, A.; A. Takhtajan; W. Zimmermann (1966). "On the higher taxa of Embryobionta". Taxon (International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT)) 15 (15): 129–134. doi:10.2307/1217531. JSTOR 1217531.
^ Mauseth 2012, p. 509.
^ Mauseth 2012, p. 535.
^ Mauseth 2012, p. 540.
^ Mauseth 2012, p. 542.
^ Mauseth 2012, p. 543.
^ J.P. Euzéby. "List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature: Phyla". Retrieved 30 December 2010.

External links

Look up Phylum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Are phyla "real"? Is there really a well-defined "number of animal phyla" extant and in the fossil record?
Major Phyla Of Animals

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Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「division」「門」「phyla」
拡張検索	「subphylum」

「division」

　　[★]

n.

分裂、分割、区画、部分、(団体組織)部門、(分類学;植物の)門

関: branch、class、cleavage、cleave、compartment、compartmental、contingency、department、disrupt、disruption、divide、fission、fractionate、fractionation、fragmentation、gate、mince、moiety、parcellated、part、parted、partial、partition、phyla、phylum、piece、portion、region、resolution、section、sector、split

「門」

　　[★]

英: phylum
関: 分類学

分類学の用語

門->亜門->綱

「phyla」

　　[★]

n.

(分類学;動物の)(複)門

関: division、gate、phylum

「subphylum」

　　[★]

亜門

関: subdivision、subphyla

[1] The term was coined by Haeckel from Greek φῦλον phylon, "race, stock," related to φυλή phyle, "tribe, clan."

[2] "Life sciences". The American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy (third ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. 2005. Retrieved 2008-10-04. Phyla in the plant kingdom are frequently called divisions.

[Berg2007-3] Berg, Linda R. (2007-03-02). Introductory Botany: Plants, People, and the Environment (2 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 15. ISBN 9780534466695. Retrieved 23 July 2012.

[4] Collins AG, Valentine JW (2001). "Defining phyla: evolutionary pathways to metazoan body plans." Evol. Dev. 3: 432-442.

[FOOTNOTEValentine20048-5] Valentine 2004, p. 8.

[6] Naik, V. N. (1984). Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, p. 27.

[7] Valentine, James W. (2004). On the Origin of Phyla. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press. p. 7. ISBN 0-226-84548-6. "Classifications of organisms in hierarchical systems were in use by the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Usually organisms were grouped according to their what? morphological similarities as perceived by those early workers, and those groups were then grouped according to their similarities, and so on, to form a hierarchy."

[Budd2000-8] Budd, G.E.; Jensen, S. (2000). "A critical reappraisal of the fossil record of the bilaterian phyla". Biological Reviews 75 (2): 253–295. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1999.tb00046.x. PMID 10881389. Retrieved 2007-05-26.

[9] Rouse G.W. (2001). "A cladistic analysis of Siboglinidae Caullery, 1914 (Polychaeta, Annelida): formerly the phyla Pogonophora and Vestimentifera". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 132 (1): 55–80. doi:10.1006/zjls.2000.0263.

[10] Pawlowski J, Montoya-Burgos JI, Fahrni JF, Wüest J, Zaninetti L (October 1996). "Origin of the Mesozoa inferred from 18S rRNA gene sequences". Mol. Biol. Evol. 13 (8): 1128–32. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025675. PMID 8865666.

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[Briggs2005-12] Briggs, D. E. G; Fortey, R. A (2005). "Wonderful strife: systematics, stem groups, and the phylogenetic signal of the Cambrian radiation". Paleobiology 31 (2 (Suppl)): 94–112. doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2005)031[0094:WSSSGA]2.0.CO;2.

[13] Feldkamp, S. (2002) Modern Biology. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, USA. (pp. 725)

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[16] Cronquist, A.; A. Takhtajan; W. Zimmermann (1966). "On the higher taxa of Embryobionta". Taxon (International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT)) 15 (15): 129–134. doi:10.2307/1217531. JSTOR 1217531.

[17] Chase, Mark W. & Reveal, James L. (2009), "A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 (2): 122–127, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x

[18] Mauseth, James D. (2012). Botany : An Introduction to Plant Biology (5th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1-4496-6580-7. p. 489

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[21] Cronquist, A.; A. Takhtajan; W. Zimmermann (1966). "On the higher taxa of Embryobionta". Taxon (International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT)) 15 (15): 129–134. doi:10.2307/1217531. JSTOR 1217531.

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v t e Taxonomic ranks
				Magnorder
Domain/Superkingdom	Superphylum/Superdivision	Superclass		Superorder	Superfamily	Supertribe		Superspecies
Kingdom	Phylum/Division	Class	Legion	Order	Family	Tribe	Genus	Species
Subkingdom	Subphylum	Subclass	Cohort	Suborder	Subfamily	Subtribe	Subgenus	Subspecies
Infrakingdom/Branch	Infraphylum	Infraclass		Infraorder			Section	Infraspecies
	Microphylum	Parvclass		Parvorder			Series	Variety
								Form

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