WordNet

unconstrained or not chemically bound in a molecule or not fixed and capable of relatively unrestricted motion; "free expansion"; "free oxygen"; "a free electron"
people who are free; "the home of the free and the brave" (同)free people
free from obligations or duties (同)discharge
free or remove obstruction from; "free a path across the cluttered floor" (同)disengage
grant freedom to; free from confinement (同)liberate, release, unloose, unloosen, loose
not literal; "a loose interpretation of what she had been told"; "a free translation of the poem" (同)loose, liberal
make (information) available for publication; "release the list with the names of the prisoners" (同)release
able to act at will; not hampered; not under compulsion or restraint; "free enterprise"; "a free port"; "a free country"; "I have an hour free"; "free will"; "free of racism"; "feel free to stay as long as you wish"; "a free choice"
not held in servitude; "after the Civil War he was a free man"
not occupied or in use; "a free locker"; "a free lane"
(physical chemistry) a sample of matter in which substances in different phases are in equilibrium; "in a static system oil cannot be replaced by water on a surface"; "a system generating hydrogen peroxide"
instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity; "he bought a new stereo system"; "the system consists of a motor and a small computer"
a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole; "a vast system of production and distribution and consumption keep the country going" (同)scheme
a complex of methods or rules governing behavior; "they have to operate under a system they oppose"; "that language has a complex system for indicating gender" (同)system of rules
a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts; "the body has a system of organs for digestion"
a procedure or process for obtaining an objective; "they had to devise a system that did not depend on cooperation"
the living body considered as made up of interdependent components forming a unified whole; "exercise helped him get the alcohol out of his system"
small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre

PrepTutorEJDIC

(束縛された状態になく)『自由な』,自由の身の / (国家・国民などが)『独立している』 / (思想・行為などが)強制されない,自発的な / (動作が)拘束されない,無理のない / 《補語にのみ用いて》(苦痛・制約などを)『免れている』,(誤り・偏見などの)ない《+『from』(『of』)+『名』》 / 《補語にのみ用いて》《『be free to』do》『自由に』…『できる』 / (仕事から)解放された,暇になった;(部屋などが)使用されていない,空いた / 『無料の』;無税の / 出し惜しみしない / 遠慮のない,慎みがない / (道路などが)障害のない,自由に通れる / 固定していない,離れた / 無料で / 自由に,妨げられずに(freely) / (…から)〈人・国など〉‘を'『自由にする』,解放する《+『名』+『from』+『名』》 / (困難などから)〈人〉‘を'救う《+『名』+『form』+『名』》 / (障害などを)〈人・物〉‘から'取り除く《+『名』+『of』(『from』)+『名』》 / (物を)…‘から'片付ける,外す《+『名』+『of』+『名』》
〈C〉(関連した部分から成る)『体系』,系統,組織[網],装置 / 〈C〉(教育・政治などの)『制度』,機構;《the~》体制 / 〈C〉(思想・学問などの)『体系』,学説 / 〈C〉(…の)『方法』,方式,やり方《+of doing》 / 〈U〉正しい方針(筋道,順序) / 〈U〉《the~》(身体の)組織,系統 / 〈U〉《the~,one's~》身体,全身
(刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/04/07 08:10:09」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

A cell-free system is an in vitro tool widely used to study biological reactions that happen within cells while reducing the complex interactions found in a whole cell. Subcellular fractions can be isolated by ultracentrifugation to provide molecular machinery that can be used in reactions in the absence of many of the other cellular components.

Cell-free biosystems can be prepared by mixing a number of purified enzymes and coenzymes. Cell-free biosystems are proposed as a new low-cost biomanufacturing platform compared to microbial fermentation used for thousands of years. Cell-free biosystems have several advantages suitable in industrial applications:^[1]^[2]

In vitro biosystems can be easily controlled and accessed without membranes. Cell-free protein synthesis is becoming a new alternative choice for fast protein synthesis.
Very high product yields are usually accomplished without the formation of by-products or the synthesis of cell mass. For example, nearly 12 H2 has been produced per glucose unit of polysaccharides and water, three times of the theoretical yield of the best anaerobic hydrogen-producing microorganisms.^[3]
In vitro biosystems can implement some biological reactions that living microbes or chemical catalysts cannot implement before. For example, beta-1,4-glucosidic bond linked cellulose can be converted to alpha-1,4-glucosidic bond linked starch by a mixture of intracellular and extracellular enzymes in one pot.^[4]
Enzymatic systems, without the barrier of cellular membrane, usually have faster reaction rates than microbial systems. For instance, enzymatic fuel cells usually have much higher power outputs than microbial fuel cells.^[5]
Enzyme cocktails can tolerate toxic compounds better than microorganisms.^[6]
Enzyme mixtures usually work under broad reaction conditions, such as high temperature, low pH, the presence of organic solvents or ionic liquids.

References

^ Y. H. Percival Zhang (March 2010). "Production of biocommodities and bioelectricity by cell-free synthetic enzymatic pathway biotransformations: Challenges and opportunities". Biotechnology and Bioengineering 105 (4): 663–677. doi:10.1002/bit.22630. PMID 19998281.
^ http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C3GC40625C
^ http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000456
^ http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1302420110
^ http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4026
^ http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2010.12.019

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1. 消化管リンパ腫のマネージメント management of gastrointestinal lymphomas
2. 腎細胞癌の臨床症状、評価、および病期分類 clinical manifestations evaluation and staging of renal cell carcinoma
3. 非小細胞肺癌に対する腫瘍・リンパ節・転移（TNM）分類 tumor node metastasis tnm staging system for non small cell lung cancer
4. 節外性NK/T細胞リンパ腫、鼻型の治療 treatment of extranodal nk t cell lymphoma nasal type
5. びまん性大細胞型B細胞性リンパ腫の疫学、臨床症状、病理学的特徴、および診断 epidemiology clinical manifestations pathologic features and diagnosis of diffuse large b cell lymphoma

English Journal

Synthesis of CaCO3 Nanobelts for Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy.

Sun D1, Peng H, Wang S, Zhu D.
Nanoscale research letters.Nanoscale Res Lett.2015 Dec;10(1):948. doi: 10.1186/s11671-015-0948-6. Epub 2015 May 27.
Nanobelt carriers have demonstrated some advantages such as good biocompatibility, biodegradability, and strain-accommodating properties. We prepared an optimized nanobelt carrier formulation for drug (etoposide) as an oral delivery system and estimated the potential of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nan
PMID 26055480

Thermo-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-grafted hollow fiber membranes for osteoblasts culture and non-invasive harvest.

Zhuang M1, Liu T2, Song K3, Ge D4, Li X5.
Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications.Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl.2015 Oct 1;55:410-9. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.05.040. Epub 2015 May 11.
Hollow fiber membrane (HFM) culture system is one of the most important bioreactors for the large-scale culture and expansion of therapeutic cells. However, enzymatic and mechanical treatments are traditionally applied to harvest the expanded cells from HFMs, which inevitably causes harm to the cell
PMID 26117772

Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) point-of-care system for rapid multiplexed detection of microRNAs in human urine specimens.

Liu Q1, Shin Y1, Kee JS1, Kim KW1, Mohamed Rafei SR1, Perera AP1, Tu X1, Lo GQ1, Ricci E2, Colombel M2, Chiong E3, Thiery JP4, Park MK5.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2015 Sep 15;71:365-72. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.04.052. Epub 2015 Apr 20.
MicroRNAs have been identified as promising biomarkers for human diseases. The development of a point-of-care (POC) test for the disease-associated miRNAs would be especially beneficial, since miRNAs are unexpectedly well preserved in various human specimens, including urine. Here, we present the Ma
PMID 25950930

Japanese Journal

Cell-free extract from porcine induced pluripotent stem cells can affect porcine somatic cell nuclear reprogramming

, , , , , ,
Journal of Reproduction and Development 61(2), 90-98, 2015
… Pretreatment of somatic cells with undifferentiated cell extracts, such as embryonic stem cells and mammalian oocytes, is an attractive alternative method for reprogramming control. … however, no studies have reported somatic cell nuclear reprogramming using iPSC extracts. … The ChariotTM reagent system was used to deliver the iPSC extracts into cultured porcine ear skin fibroblasts. …
NAID 130005064915

遺伝子発現屋の脳神経科学

津田正明
薬学雑誌. 乙号 135(4), 597-617, 2015
… By developing a cell-free transcription system prepared from silk glands, it was found that the upstream region of the fibroin gene is responsible for efficient transcription initiation, which has enhancer-like features. … More recent research has switched my focus to cellular neurobiology to understand the molecular mechanisms of long-term memory at the level of gene expression in terms of cell differentiation. …
NAID 130005060826

Cell-free extract from porcine induced pluripotent stem cells can affect porcine somatic cell nuclear reprogramming

, , , , , ,
Journal of Reproduction and Development advpub(0), 2015
… Pretreatment of somatic cells with undifferentiated cell extracts, such as embryonic stem cells and mammalian oocytes, is an attractive alternative method for reprogramming control. … however, no studies have reported somatic cell nuclear reprogramming using iPSC extracts. … The ChariotTM reagent system was used to deliver the iPSC extracts into cultured porcine ear skin fibroblasts. …
NAID 130004774195