WordNet

relating to or characterized by catabolism (同)katabolic
characterized by destructive metabolism (同)katabolic
breakdown in living organisms of more complex substances into simpler ones together with release of energy (同)katabolism, dissimilation, destructive metabolism
subject to catabolism (同)catabolise
a linguistic process by which one of two similar sounds in a word becomes less like the other; "the Old French MARBRE became the English MARBLE by dissimilation"

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/30 03:31:18」(JST)

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For the related metabolic process, see anabolism.

Catabolism (from Greek κάτω kato, "downward" and βάλλειν ballein, "to throw") is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy, or used in other anabolic reactions.^[1] Catabolism breaks down large molecules (such as polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins) into smaller units (such as monosaccharides, fatty acids, nucleotides, and amino acids, respectively).

Cells use the monomers released from breaking down polymers to either construct new polymer molecules, or degrade the monomers further to simple waste products, releasing energy. Cellular wastes include lactic acid, acetic acid, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and urea. The creation of these wastes is usually an oxidation process involving a release of chemical free energy, some of which is lost as heat, but the rest of which is used to drive the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This molecule acts as a way for the cell to transfer the energy released by catabolism to the energy-requiring reactions that make up anabolism. (Catabolism is seen as destructive metabolism and anabolism as constructive metabolism). Catabolism therefore provides the chemical energy necessary for the maintenance and growth of cells. Examples of catabolic processes include glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, the breakdown of muscle protein in order to use amino acids as substrates for gluconeogenesis, the breakdown of fat in adipose tissue to fatty acids, and oxidative deamination of neurotransmitters by monoamine oxidase.

There are many signals that control catabolism. Most of the known signals are hormones and the molecules involved in metabolism itself. Endocrinologists have traditionally classified many of the hormones as anabolic or catabolic, depending on which part of metabolism they stimulate. The so-called classic catabolic hormones known since the early 20th century are cortisol, glucagon, and adrenaline (and other catecholamines). In recent decades, many more hormones with at least some catabolic effects have been discovered, including cytokines, orexin (also known as hypocretin), and melatonin.^{[citation needed]}

Many of these catabolic hormones express an anti-catabolic effect in muscle tissue. One study found that the administration of epinephrine (adrenaline) had an anti-proteolytic effect, and in fact suppressed catabolism rather than promoted it.^[2] Another study found that catecholamines in general (the main ones being, epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine), greatly decreased the rate of muscle catabolism.^[3]

References

^ de Bolster, M.W.G. (1997). "Glossary of Terms Used in Bioinorganic Chemistry: Catabolism". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Retrieved 2007-10-30.
^ Fryburg, DA; Gelfand, RA; Jahn, LA; Oliveras, D; Sherwin, RS; Sacca, L; Barrett, EJ (1995). "Effects of epinephrine on human muscle glucose and protein metabolism". American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism 268 (1): E55–9. PMID 7840182.
^ Navegantes, Luiz Carlos C.; Resano, Neusa M. Z.; Migliorini, Renato H.; Kettelhut, Ísis C. (2001). "Catecholamines inhibit Ca²⁺-dependent proteolysis in rat skeletal muscle through β₂-adrenoceptors and cAMP". American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism 281 (3): E449–54. PMID 11500299.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Therapeutic targeting of autophagy in cancer. Part II: Pharmacological modulation of treatment-induced autophagy.

Nagelkerke A1, Bussink J2, Geurts-Moespot A3, Sweep FC4, Span PN5.
Seminars in cancer biology.Semin Cancer Biol.2015 Apr;31C:99-105. doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.06.001. Epub 2014 Jun 14.
Autophagy, the catabolic pathway in which cells recycle organelles and other parts of their own cytoplasm, is increasingly recognised as an important cytoprotective mechanism in cancer cells. Several cancer treatments stimulate the autophagic process and when autophagy is inhibited, cancer cells sho
PMID 24933034

Widening functional boundaries of the σ(54) promoter Pu of Pseudomonas putida by defeating extant physiological constraints.

de Las Heras A1, Martínez-García E, Domingo-Sananes MR, de Lorenzo V.
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The extant layout of the σ(54) promoter Pu, harboured by the catabolic TOL plasmid, pWW0, of Pseudomonas putida is one of the most complex instances of endogenous and exogenous signal integration known in the prokaryotic domain. In this regulatory system, all signal inputs are eventually translated
PMID 25560994

PPARγ deficiency results in severe, accelerated osteoarthritis associated with aberrant mTOR signalling in the articular cartilage.

Vasheghani F1, Zhang Y2, Li YH2, Blati M1, Fahmi H1, Lussier B3, Roughley P4, Lagares D5, Endisha H2, Saffar B2, Lajeunesse D1, Marshall WK6, Rampersaud YR6, Mahomed NN6, Gandhi R6, Pelletier JP1, Martel-Pelletier J1, Kapoor M7.
Annals of the rheumatic diseases.Ann Rheum Dis.2015 Mar;74(3):569-78. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205743. Epub 2015 Jan 8.
OBJECTIVES: We have previously shown that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), a transcription factor, is essential for the normal growth and development of cartilage. In the present study, we created inducible cartilage-specific PPARγ knockout (KO) mice and subjected these mi
PMID 25573665

NAMPT (visfatin), a direct target of hypoxia-inducible factor-2α, is an essential catabolic regulator of osteoarthritis.

Yang S1, Ryu JH2, Oh H3, Jeon J3, Kwak JS3, Kim JH3, Kim HA4, Chun CH5, Chun JS3.
Annals of the rheumatic diseases.Ann Rheum Dis.2015 Mar;74(3):595-602. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204355. Epub 2013 Dec 17.
OBJECTIVE: Hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α), encoded by Epas1, causes osteoarthritic cartilage destruction by regulating the expression of matrix-degrading enzymes. We undertook this study to explore the role of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT or visfatin) in HIF-2α-mediated ost
PMID 24347567

Japanese Journal

Tenocyte anabolic and catabolic response to elevation in intracellular tension

Maeda Eijiro,Sugimoto Megumi,Kosato Youtaro,Poon Chi Tat,Pingguan-Murphy Belinda,Ohashi Toshiro
Journal of Biorheology 28(1), 16-20, 2014
The present study examined expressions of type I collagen and MMP-1 mRNA of bovine tenocytes in response to elevation in intracellular tension/traction forces induced by either mechanical or chemical …
NAID 130004709211

Profiles of serum amino acids to screen for catabolic and inflammation status in calves with Mycoplasma bronchopneumonia

TSUKANO Kenji,SUZUKI Kazuyuki,SHIMAMORI Toshio,SATO Ayano,KUDO Katsunori,ASANO Ryuji,AJITO Tadahiro,LAKRITZ Jeffrey
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 2014
… The proposed diagnostic cutoffs for BCAA/AAA, BTR and SPR in serum based on ROC analysis for detection of catabolic states associated with Mycoplasma bronchopneumonia were set at <1.75, <2.86 and >0.85, respectively. …
NAID 130004700263

Type II collagen peptide stimulates Akt leading to nuclear factor-κB activation: Its inhibition by hyaluronan

YASUDA Tadashi
Biomedical Research 35(3), 193-199, 2014
… While nuclear factor (NF)-κB is a critical pathway for matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 inductionin chondrocytes, intracellular upstream events for NF-κB activation by the type II collagenpeptide (CB12-II) with catabolic activities remain unclear. …
NAID 130004470867

Comprehensive Analysis of Systemically Disseminated ST8/non-USA300 type Community-acquired Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection

Hagiya Hideharu,Hisatsune Junzo,Kojima Taro,Shiota Sumiko,Naito Hiromichi,Hagioka Shingo,Morimoto Naoki,Otsuka Fumio,Sugai Motoyuki
Internal Medicine 53(8), 907-912, 2014
… A genetically identical single strain was isolated from a total of 11 different parts of the patient's body, and the pathogen was found to be multilocus sequence type 8, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec IV, coagulase type III and negative for both Panton-Valentine leukocidin and arginine catabolic mobile element. …
NAID 130003392776

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「catabolized」「catabolize」「catabolism」「dissimilation」
拡張検索	「catabolic pathways／catabolism」「catabolic reaction」