WordNet

being or denoting a numerical quantity but not order; "cardinal numbers"
crested thick-billed North American finch having bright red plumage in the male (同)cardinal grosbeak, Richmondena Cardinalis, Cardinalis cardinalis, redbird
a variable color averaging a vivid red (同)carmine
(Roman Catholic Church) one of a group of more than 100 prominent bishops in the Sacred College who advise the Pope and elect new Popes
serving as an essential component; "a cardinal rule"; "the central cause of the problem"; "an example that was fundamental to the argument"; "computers are fundamental to modern industrial structure" (同)central, fundamental, key, primal
(medicine) any sensation or change in bodily function that is experienced by a patient and is associated with a particular disease
anything that accompanies X and is regarded as an indication of Xs existence

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『基本的な』;主要な / 深紅(しんこう)色の / 〈C〉枢機卿(教皇の最高顧問;その数は70人で深紅色の衣装をまとう) / 〈U〉深紅色 / 〈C〉=cardinal number / (また『cardinal bird』)〈C〉(北米産の)ショウジョウコウカンチョウ
(病気の)徴候,症状《+of+名》 / (一般)に(…の)徴候,きざし,印《+of+名》

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/03 08:44:30」(JST)

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A symptom (from Greek σύμπτωμα, "accident, misfortune, that which befalls",^[1] from συμπίπτω, "I befall", from συν- "together, with" and πίπτω, "I fall") is a departure from normal function or feeling which is noticed by a patient, reflecting the presence of an unusual state, or of a disease. A symptom is subjective,^[2] observed by the patient,^[3] and cannot be measured directly,^[4] whereas a sign is objectively observable by others. For example, paresthesia is a symptom (only the person experiencing it can directly observe their own tingling feeling), whereas erythema is a sign (anyone can confirm that the skin is redder than usual). Symptoms and signs are often nonspecific, but often combinations of them are at least suggestive of certain diagnoses, helping to narrow down what may be wrong. In other cases they are specific even to the point of being pathognomonic.

The term is sometimes also applied to physiological states outside the context of disease, as for example when referring to "symptoms of pregnancy".

Types

Symptoms may be chronic, relapsing or remitting. Asymptomatic conditions also exist (e.g. subclinical infections and, sometimes, high blood pressure).

Constitutional or general symptoms are those related to the systemic effects of a disease (e.g., fever, malaise, anorexia, and weight loss). They affect the entire body rather than a specific organ or location.

The terms "chief complaint", "presenting symptom", "iatrotropic symptom", or "presenting complaint" are used to describe the initial concern which brings a patient to a doctor. The symptom that ultimately leads to a diagnosis is called a "cardinal symptom".

Non-specific symptoms are self-reported symptoms that do not indicate a specific disease process or involve an isolated body system. For example, fatigue is a feature of many acute and chronic medical conditions, which may or may not be mental, and may be either a primary or secondary symptom. Fatigue is also a normal, healthy condition when experienced after exertion or at the end of a day.

Positive and negative

In describing mental disorders,^[5]^[6] especially schizophrenia, symptoms can be divided into positive and negative symptoms.^[7]

Positive symptoms are symptoms present in the disorder but not normally experienced by most individuals. It reflects an excess or distortion of normal functions (i.e., experiences and behaviors that have been added to a person’s normal way of functioning).^[8] Examples are hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behavior.^[5]
Negative symptoms are functions that are normally found in healthy persons, but that are diminished or not present in affected persons. Thus, it is something that has disappeared from a person’s normal way of functioning.^[8] Examples are social withdrawal, apathy, inability to experience pleasure and defects in attention control.^[6]

Possible causes

Some symptoms occur in a wide range of disease processes, whereas other symptoms are fairly specific for a narrow range of illnesses. For example, a sudden loss of sight in one eye has a significantly smaller number of possible causes than nausea does.

Some symptoms can be misleading to the patient or the medical practitioner caring for them. For example, inflammation of the gallbladder often gives rise to pain in the right shoulder, which may understandably lead the patient to attribute the pain to a non-abdominal cause such as muscle strain.

Symptom versus sign

A symptom can more simply be defined as any feature which is noticed by the patient. A sign is noticed by other people. It is not necessarily the nature of the sign or symptom which defines it, but who observes it.

A feature might be a sign or a symptom - or both - depending on the observer(s). For example, a skin rash may be noticed by either a healthcare professional as a sign, or by the patient as a symptom. When it is noticed by both, then the feature is both a sign and a symptom.

Some features, such as pain, can only be symptoms, because they cannot be directly observed by other people. Other features can only be signs, such as a blood cell count measured in a medical laboratory.

References

^ "Sumptoma, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', at Pursues". Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2011-12-17.
^ Pathology - Glossary^{[dead link]}
^ eMedicine/Stedman Medical Dictionary Lookup!^{[dead link]}
^ Devroede G (1992). "Constipation—a sign of a disease to be treated surgically, or a symptom to be deciphered as nonverbal communication?". J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 15 (3): 189–91. doi:10.1097/00004836-199210000-00003. PMID 1479160.
^ ^a ^b "Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders: positive symptom". Minddisorders.com. Retrieved 2011-12-17.
^ ^a ^b http://www.minddisorders.com/Kau-Nu/Negative-symptoms.html Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders: negative symptom
^ "Mental Health: a Report from the Surgeon General". Surgeongeneral.gov. Retrieved 2011-12-17.
^ ^a ^b Understanding Psychosis, Mental Health Illness of Australia.

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English Journal

An exploratory trial of Cyclamen europaeum extract for acute rhinosinusitis.

Ponikau JU, Hamilos DL, Barreto A, Cecil J, Jones SW, Manthei SE, Collins J.SourceDepartment of Otolaryngology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York. jponikau@buffalo.edu.
The Laryngoscope.Laryngoscope.2012 Jun 6. doi: 10.1002/lary.23366. [Epub ahead of print]
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: An exploratory US trial in patients with acute rhinosinusitis was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Cyclamen europeaum extract, a product marketed in Europe that causes reflex nasal discharge and subsequent decongestion.STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, pla
PMID 22674586

Clinical-histological associations in gastroparesis: results from the Gastroparesis Clinical Research Consortium.

Grover M, Bernard CE, Pasricha PJ, Lurken MS, Faussone-Pellegrini MS, Smyrk TC, Parkman HP, Abell TL, Snape WJ, Hasler WL, McCallum RW, Nguyen L, Koch KL, Calles J, Lee L, Tonascia J, Unalp-Arida A, Hamilton FA, Farrugia G; on behalf the NIDDK Gastroparesis Clinical Research Consortium (GpCRC).SourceMayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA University of Florence, Florence, Italy Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA University of Mississippi, Jackson, MS, USA California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, TX, USA Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society.Neurogastroenterol Motil.2012 Jun;24(6):531-e249. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2012.01894.x. Epub 2012 Feb 17.
Background Cellular changes associated with diabetic (DG) and idiopathic gastroparesis (IG) have recently been described from patients enrolled in the Gastroparesis Clinical Research Consortium. The association of these cellular changes with gastroparesis symptoms and gastric emptying is unknown.
PMID 22339929