n.

バイアス、傾向、偏見、片寄り、偏る

関: apt、liability、offset、prejudice、proclivity、prone、tendency、trend

WordNet

slanting diagonally across the grain of a fabric; "a bias fold"
a partiality that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation (同)prejudice, preconception
cause to be biased (同)predetermine
influence in an unfair way; "you are biasing my choice by telling me yours"
disadvantage by prejudice
influence (somebodys) opinion in advance (同)prepossess
produce by offset printing; "offset the conference proceedings"
a plate makes an inked impression on a rubber-blanketed cylinder, which in turn transfers it to the paper (同)offset_printing
compensate for or counterbalance; "offset deposits and withdrawals" (同)countervail
cause (printed matter) to transfer or smear onto another surface
create an offset in; "offset a wall"
at risk of or subject to experiencing something usually unpleasant; "he is apt to lose"; "she is liable to forget" (同)liable
mentally quick and resourceful; "an apt pupil"; "you are a clever man...you reason well and your wit is bold"-Bram Stoker (同)clever
(usually followed by `to' (同)disposed, given, minded, tending
having a tendency (to); often used in combination; "a child prone to mischief"; "failure-prone"
lying face downward (同)prostrate
the state of being legally obliged and responsible
the quality of being something that holds you back
a characteristic likelihood of or natural disposition toward a certain condition or character or effect; "the alkaline inclination of the local waters"; "fabric with a tendency to shrink" (同)inclination
a general direction in which something tends to move; "the shoreward tendency of the current"; "the trend of the stock market" (同)trend
favoring one person or side over another; "a biased account of the trial"; "a decision that was partial to the defendant" (同)colored, coloured, one-sided, slanted

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(布地の裁断や縫い目の)斜線,バイアス / 〈C〉〈U〉(…に対する)心理的傾向,性癖;先入観;偏見《+『toward』(『against』,『for』)+『名』》 / 斜めの;斜めに裁った / (…に対して)〈人〉‘に'偏見を抱かせる,〈人の意見・心〉'を'一方に片寄らせる / 《+『名』+『against』(『towards, in favor of』)+『名』》
〈U〉〈C〉(…に対する不当な)『先入観』,『偏見』《+『against』+『名』(do『ing』)》;(…に好意的な)先入観,えこひいき《+『in favor of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉不利益,損害 / (…に対して)…‘に'(不当な)『先入観』(『偏見』)『を抱かせる』《+『名』+『against』+『名』(do『ing』)》;(…に対して)…‘に'(好意的な)先入観を抱かせる《+『名』+『in favor of』+『名』,+『名』+『in』 one's 『favor』》 / 〈立場,見込みなど〉‘を'損なう,だいなしにする
(…を)相殺(そうさい)するもの,(…の)埋め合わせ《+『to』(『for』)+『名』》 / (地面に近い幹から出る)側枝,横枝 / =offset printing / …‘を'埋め合わせる,相殺する / …‘を'オフセット印刷する
《補語にのみ用いて》《『be apt to』 do》(望ましくないことについて)…『しがちである』)(be liable to do) / 《補語にのみ用いて》《『be apt to』 do》《米話》…しそうである(be likely to do) / 『適した』,『ふさわしい』,適切な / 利発な,物覚えが早い
《補語にのみ用いて》傾向がある / うつぶせの,平伏した
〈U〉(…の)傾向のあること《+『to』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(特に債務などに対する)責任・義務 / 〈C〉不利な点,ハンディキャップ / 〈C〉《複数形で》《単数扱い》負債
『傾向』 / 『性癖』,癖

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/06/24 16:57:51」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

This article is about different ways the term "bias" is used. For other uses, see Bias (disambiguation).

Bias is an inclination of temperaments or outlook to present or hold a partial perspective at the expense of (possibly equally valid) alternatives in reference to objects, people, or groups. Anything biased generally is one-sided and therefore lacks a neutral point of view. Bias can come in many forms and is often considered to be synonymous with prejudice or bigotry.

In statistics[edit]

Main article: Bias (statistics)

In statistics, there are several types of bias: Selection bias, where there is an error in choosing the individuals or groups to take part in a scientific study. It includes sampling bias, in which some members of the population are more likely to be included than others. Spectrum bias consists of evaluating the ability of a diagnostic test in a biased group of patients, which leads to an overestimate of the sensitivity and specificity of the test. The bias of an estimator is the difference between an estimator's expectation and the true value of the parameter being estimated. Omitted-variable bias is the bias that appears in estimates of parameters in a regression analysis when the assumed specification is incorrect, in that it omits an independent variable that should be in the model. In statistical hypothesis testing, a test is said to be unbiased when the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis exceeds the significance level when the alternative is true and is less than or equal to the significance level when the null hypothesis is true. Systematic bias or systemic bias are external influences that may affect the accuracy of statistical measurements. Data-snooping bias comes from the misuse of data mining techniques.

In judgment and decision making[edit]

Main article: Cognitive bias

A cognitive bias is the human tendency to make systematic decisions in certain circumstances based on cognitive factors rather than evidence. Bias arises from various processes that are sometimes difficult to distinguish. These processes include information-processing shortcuts, motivational factors, and social influence.^[1] Such biases can result from information-processing shortcuts called heuristics. They include errors in judgment, social attribution, and memory. Cognitive biases are a common outcome of human thought, and often drastically skew the reliability of anecdotal and legal evidence. It is a phenomenon studied in cognitive science and social psychology. A cognitive bias also has the tendency to make systematic decisions in certain situations.

In the media[edit]

Main article: Media bias

Media bias is the bias of journalists and news producers within the mass media, in the selection of which events and stories are reported and how they are covered. The term "media bias" implies a pervasive or widespread bias contravening the standards of journalism, rather than the perspective of an individual journalist or article. The direction and degree of media bias in various countries is widely disputed.

Practical limitations to media neutrality include the inability of journalists to report all available stories and facts, and the requirement that selected facts be linked into a coherent narrative (Newton 1989). Since it is impossible to report everything, selectivity is inevitable. Government influence, including overt and covert censorship, biases the media in some countries. Market forces that result in a biased presentation include the ownership of the news source, concentration of media ownership, the selection of staff, the preferences of an intended audience, and pressure from advertisers.

Political bias has been a feature of the mass media since its birth with the invention of the printing press. The expense of early printing equipment restricted media production to a limited number of people. Historians have found that publishers often served the interests of powerful social groups.^[2]

Other aspects[edit]

Economic: when people/government interpret a law/contract in their favor for economic reasons.
Inductive bias in machine learning.
Cultural bias: Interpreting and judging phenomena in terms particular to one's own culture.
Racism, regionalism and tribalism: Judging people or phenomena associated with people based on the race/ethnicity, region of origin, or tribe of the people, rather than based on more objective criteria.
Sexism: Judging based on gender, rather than on more objective criteria.
Sensationalism: Favouring the exceptional over the ordinary. However this sentence structure makes is sound like an appeal to popularity or normalcy fallacy. This is actually a more complex problem, whereby, the proponent elevates the importance of the evidence to more subjects than it is relevant. This is accomplished by willful bias, assumption or, putting conclusion ahead of evidence. In practice, this includes emphasizing, distorting, or fabricating exceptional news stories to boost popularity.
Funding bias in scientific studies also known as the agent-principle dilemma.
Medical bias is also known as a physician having a conflict of interest.^[3]

Bias propaganda

References[edit]

^ Wilcox, C. W. (2011) Bias: The Unconscious Deceiver. Bloomington, IN: Xlibris Corporation.
^ Ann Heinrichs, The Printing Press (Inventions That Shaped the World), p. 53, Franklin Watts, 2005, ISBN 0-531-16722-4, ISBN 978-0-531-16722-9
^ Cain, D.M. and Detsky, A.S. Everyone's a Little Bit Biased (Even Physicians) JAMA 2008;299(24):2893-289.

External links[edit]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Bias

Look up bias in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 予防のためのエビデンスに基づいたアプローチ evidence based approach to prevention
2. システマティックレビューおよびメタアナリシス systematic review and meta analysis
3. Surgical resection of sporadic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors
4. Treatment of nontoxic, nonobstructive goiter
5. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement: Outcomes and complications

English Journal

Bayesian estimation of the discrete coefficient of determination.

Chen T1, Braga-Neto UM2.
EURASIP journal on bioinformatics & systems biology.EURASIP J Bioinform Syst Biol.2016 Jan 15;2016(1):1. eCollection 2016.
The discrete coefficient of determination (CoD) measures the nonlinear interaction between discrete predictor and target variables and has had far-reaching applications in Genomic Signal Processing. Previous work has addressed the inference of the discrete CoD using classical parametric and nonparam
PMID 26807133

DC bias immune nanocrystalline magnetic cores made of Fe73Nb3Cu1B7Si16 ribbon with induced transverse magnetic anisotropy.

Nosenko A1, Rudenko O2, Mika T3, Yevlash I4, Semyrga O5, Nosenko V6.
Nanoscale research letters.Nanoscale Res Lett.2016 Dec;11(1):70. doi: 10.1186/s11671-016-1279-y. Epub 2016 Feb 5.
The comparative analysis of magnetic properties of cut cores made of nanocrystalline Fe73Nb3Cu1B7Si16 alloy ribbon and cores made of the same ribbon with preliminary tension-induced transverse magnetic anisotropy was carried out. The possibility of improving magnetic properties of cut cores, decreas
PMID 26847696

Efficiently Visible-Light Driven Photoelectrocatalytic Oxidation of As(III) at Low Positive Biasing Using Pt/TiO2 Nanotube Electrode.

Qin Y1, Li Y2, Tian Z3, Wu Y4, Cui Y5.
Nanoscale research letters.Nanoscale Res Lett.2016 Dec;11(1):32. doi: 10.1186/s11671-016-1248-5. Epub 2016 Jan 19.
A constant current deposition method was selected to load highly dispersed Pt nanoparticles on TiO2 nanotubes in this paper, to extend the excited spectrum range of TiO2-based photocatalysts to visible light. The morphology, elemental composition, and light absorption capability of as-obtained Pt/Ti
PMID 26787051

Two sides of the safety coin?: How patient engagement and safety climate jointly affect error occurrence in hospital units.

Schiffinger M1, Latzke M, Steyrer J.
Health care management review.Health Care Manage Rev.2016 Aug 6. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: Safety climate (SC) and more recently patient engagement (PE) have been identified as potential determinants of patient safety, but conceptual and empirical studies combining both are lacking.PURPOSES: On the basis of extant theories and concepts in safety research, this study investigat
PMID 26259022

Japanese Journal

遺伝子を用いて疾患リスク,認知の偏り,幸福感を推定する情報技術 (特集人の認知を拡張し健康を促進する環境知能)

人工知能 : 人工知能学会誌 : journal of the Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence 30(6), 739-744, 2015-11
NAID 40020640843

日本の英語クラスにおける英語借用語彙

龍谷紀要 37(1), 1-25, 2015-10-20
NAID 110009972012

Effects of Pulse Bias Duty Cycle on Composition, Structure and Hardness of Ti-Cu-N Nanocomposite Films Deposited by Pulse Biased Arc Ion Plating

Materials transactions 56(10), 1742-1746, 2015-10
NAID 40020601858

Effects of final annealing in oxygen on characteristics of BaTiO

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 54(10S), 10NA12, 2015-09-18
NAID 150000111380

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

国試過去問	「108C013」
リンク元	「offset」「prone」「apt」「傾向」「liability」
拡張検索	「intestinal amebiasis」「musculus tibias anterior」「hepatic amebiasis」

「108C013」

　　[★]

問題指向型医療記録〈POMR〉の要素はどれか。

a　assessment
b　bias
c　crisis
d　dimension
e　elimination

[正答]

※国試ナビ4※　［108C012］←［国試_108］→［108C014］

「offset」

　　[★]

vt.

差し引き勘定する、相殺する。(長所で短所を)補う

Although acetaldehyde may be a potential accelerant to liver injury, this risk is generally offset by an aversion to further alcohol intake induced by flushing.