WordNet

without or seeming to be without plan or method; offhand; "a casual remark"; "information collected by casual methods and in their spare time"
occurring or appearing or singled out by chance; "seek help from casual passers-by"; "a casual meeting"; "a chance occurrence" (同)chance
hasty and without attention to detail; not thorough; "a casual (or cursory) inspection failed to reveal the houses structural flaws"; "a passing glance"; "perfunctory courtesy" (同)cursory, passing, perfunctory
not showing effort or strain; "a difficult feat performed with casual mastery"; "careless grace" (同)effortless
appropriate for ordinary or routine occasions; "casual clothes"; "everyday clothes" (同)everyday, daily
marked by blithe unconcern; "an ability to interest casual students"; "showed a casual disregard for cold weather"; "an utterly insouciant financial policy"; "an elegantly insouciant manner"; "drove his car with nonchalant abandon"; "was polite in a teasing nonchalant manner" (同)insouciant, nonchalant
occurring from time to time; "casual employment"; "a casual correspondence with a former teacher"; "an occasional worker" (同)occasional
be the case by chance; "I chanced to meet my old friend in the street"
a risk involving danger; "you take a chance when you let her drive"
anything that happens suddenly or by chance without an apparent cause; "winning the lottery was a happy accident"; "the pregnancy was a stroke of bad luck"; "it was due to an accident or fortuity" (同)stroke, fortuity, chance event
an unfortunate mishap; especially one causing damage or injury
falling or striking of light rays on something; "incident light"
a public disturbance; "the police investigated an incident at the bus station"
a single distinct event
not of prime or central importance; "nonessential to the integral meanings of poetry"- Pubs.MLA (同)nonessential
an item that is incidental
(sometimes followed by `to' (同)incident
happening by chance or unexpectedly or unintentionally ; "with an inadvertent gesture she swept the vase off the table"; "accidental poisoning"; "an accidental shooting" (同)inadvertent
a musical notation that makes a note sharp or flat or natural although that is not part of the key signature

PrepTutorEJDIC

偶然に,思いがけなく
『むぞうさな』,さりげない(offhand) / 『偶然の』,思いがけない / ふだん着の,くだけた / むとんじゃくな,無関心な / 臨時雇労働者 / ふだん着
〈C〉〈U〉『偶然』,偶然のでき事;運,めぐり合わせ / 〈U〉〈C〉(何かが起こる)『公算』,見込み,可能性(probability) / 〈C〉『好機』,機会(opportunity) / 〈C〉危険,冒険;かけ / 《『chance to』 do》〈人が〉偶然;する / 《『it chances』+『that』『節』》〈物事が〉偶然に起こる / …'を'運を天に任せてする / 偶然の,はずみの
〈C〉『偶然』,偶発,めぐり合わせ / 〈C〉『事故』,災難
『でき事』,事件,騒ぎ / (小説・劇中の)事件,挿話 / (…に)起こりやすい,ありがちな,伴って起こる《+『to』+『名』》
付随して起こる,付随した / 臨時の;予定外の / 付随的な事(物) / 《複数形で》臨時費,雑費
『偶然の』,思いがけない / (音楽の)臨時記号

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/09/23 21:20:37」(JST)

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A railing accident at a Texas Longhorns college football game, spilling fans onto the sidelines

An accident, also known as an unintentional injury, is an undesirable, incidental, and unplanned event that could have been prevented had circumstances leading up to the accident been recognized, and acted upon, prior to its occurrence. Most scientists who study unintentional injury avoid using the term "accident" and focus on factors that increase risk of severe injury and that reduce injury incidence and severity (Robertson, 2015).

Types

Unintentional injury deaths per million persons in 2012

107-247

248-287

288-338

339-387

388-436

437-505

506-574

575-655

656-834

835-1,165

Physical and non-physical

Physical examples of accidents include unintended motor vehicle collisions or falls, being injured by touching something sharp, hot, electrical or ingesting poison. Non-physical examples are unintentionally revealing a secret or otherwise saying something incorrectly, forgetting an appointment etc.

By activity

Accidents during the execution of work or arising out of it are called work accidents. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), more than 337 million accidents happen on the job each year, resulting, together with occupational diseases, in more than 2.3 million deaths annually.^[1]
In contrast, leisure-related accidents are mainly sports injuries.

By vehicle

Versailles rail accident in 1842

Aviation
Bicycles
Sailing ships
Traffic collisions
Train wrecks
Trams

Common causes

Incidence of accidents (of a severity of resulting in seeking medical care), sorted by activity (in Denmark in 2002).

Poisons, vehicle collisions and falls are the most common causes of fatal injuries. According to a 2005 survey of injuries sustained at home, which used data from the National Vital Statistics System of the United States National Center for Health Statistics, falls, poisoning, and fire/burn injuries are the most common causes of death.^[2]

The United States also collects statistically valid injury data (sampled from 100 hospitals) through the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System administered by the Consumer Product Safety Commission.^[3] This program was revised in 2000 to include all injuries rather than just injuries involving products.^[3] Data on emergency room visits is also collected through the National Health Interview Survey.^[4] In The U.S. the Bureau of Labor Statistics has available on their website extensive statistics on workplace accidents.^[5]

Accident models

Many models to characterize and analyze accidents have been proposed,^[6] which can by classified by type. Notable types and models include:^[7]

Sequential models
- Domino Theory^[8]
- Loss Causation Model^[9]
Complex linear models
- Energy Damage Model^[10]
- Time sequence models
  - Generalized Time Sequence Model^[11]
  - Accident Evolution and Barrier Function^[12]
- Epidemiological models
  - Gordon 1949
  - Onward Mappings Model based on Resident Pathogens Metaphor^[13]
Process model
- Benner 1975
Systemic models
- Rasmussen
- Reason Model of System Safety (embedding the Swiss cheese model)
  - Healthcare error proliferation model
  - Human reliability
- Woods, 1994
Non-linear models
- System accident^[14]
- Systems-Theoretic Accident Model and Process (STAMP)^[15]
- Functional Resonance Accident Model (FRAM) ^[16]
- Assertions that all existing models are insufficient^[17]

Ishikawa diagrams are sometimes used to illustrate root-cause analysis and five whys discussions.

^ "ILO Safety and Health at Work". International Labour Organization (ILO)
^ Runyan CW, Casteel C, Perkis D, et al. (January 2005). "Unintentional injuries in the home in the United States Part I: mortality". Am J Prev Med. 28 (1): 73–9. PMID 15626560. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2004.09.010.
^ ^a ^b CPSC. National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS). Database query available through: NEISS Injury Data.
^ NCHS. Emergency Department Visits. CDC.
^ http://www.bls.gov/iif
^ A long list of books and papers is given in: Taylor, G.A., Easter, K.M., Hegney, R.P. (2004). Enhancing Occupational Safety and Health. Elsevier. pp. 241–245, see also pages 140–141 and pages 147–153, also on Kindle. ISBN 0750661976.
^ Yvonne Toft; Geoff Dell; Karen K Klockner; Allison Hutton (April 2012). "Models of Causation: Safety". In HaSPA (Health and Safety Professionals Alliance). OHS Body of Knowledge (PDF). Safety Institute of Australia Ltd. ISBN 978-0-9808743-1-0.
^ H.W. Heinreich (1931). Industrial Accident Prevention. McGraw-Hill.
^ Bird and Germain, 1985
^ Gibson, Haddon, Viner
^ Viner
^ Svenson
^ Reason, James T. (1991). "Too Little and Too Late: A Commentary on Accident and Incident Reporting". In Van Der Schaaf, T.W.; Lucas, D.A.; Hale, A.R. Near Miss Reporting as a Safety Tool. Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 9–26.
^ Perrow, 1984
^ Leveson 2004
^ Hollnagel, 2004
^ Dekker 2011

External links

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Accidentally catching of the catfish Lophiosilurus alexandri (Steindachner, 1876) larvae in aquariums with different colors.

Pedreira MM, Costa DC, Schorer M.
Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia. ;79(4)612-616.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different colors in development and survival of catfish Lophiosilurus alexandri larvae, as well as over the visual ability of the handler. Larvae were placed in 5 L-aquariums at a density of 7 larvae L-1 , and aquariums had different colors, and we
PMID 30427381

Intraoperative Ultrasound for Localization and Removal of an Oropharyngeal Wire Grill-Brush Bristle.

Brooks JA, McKeon M, Chow JS, Watters K.
The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology. 2019 Jul;128(7)681-684.
This paper reports the utilization of intraoperative ultrasound in the removal of an accidentally ingested wire grill-brush bristle from the pharyngeal space of a child. Standard procedures for obtaining imaging of an accidentally ingested foreign body were performed, including radiograph, computed
PMID 30895800

Proteome profiling of L3 and L4 Anisakis simplex development stages by TMT-based quantitative proteomics.

Stryiński R, Mateos J, Pascual S, González ÁF, Gallardo JM, Łopieńska-Biernat E, Medina I, Carrera M.
Journal of proteomics. 2019 Jun;201()1-11.
Anisakis simplex is a parasitic nematode that can cause anisakiosis and/or allergic reactions in humans. The presence of invasive third-stage larvae (L3) in many different consumed fish species and the fourth-stage larvae (L4) in marine mammals, where L3 can accidentally affect to humans and develop
PMID 30978463