同: nevirapine

WordNet

a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (trade name Viramune) used to treat AIDS and HIV (同)Viramune
the 14th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)n

PrepTutorEJDIC

nitrogenの化学記号
Nevada

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/04/22 15:52:58」(JST)

wiki en

The Network Voice Protocol (NVP) was a pioneering computer network protocol for transporting human speech over packetized communications networks. It was an early example of Voice over Internet Protocol technology.

NVP was first implemented in December 1973 by computer networking researcher Danny Cohen of the Information Sciences Institute (ISI), University of Southern California, with funding from ARPA's Network Secure Communications (NSC) program.^[1] The project's stated goals as stated in IETF RFC 741, published 1977, were "to develop and demonstrate the feasibility of secure, high-quality, low-bandwidth, real-time, full-duplex (two-way) digital voice communications over packet-switched computer communications networks.... [and to] supply digitized speech which can be secured by existing encryption devices. The major goal of this research is to demonstrate a digital high-quality, low-bandwidth, secure voice handling capability as part of the general military requirement for worldwide secure voice communication."

NVP was used to send speech between distributed sites on the ARPANET using several different voice-encoding techniques, including linear predictive coding (LPC) and continuously variable slope delta modulation (CVSD).^[2] Cooperating researchers included Steve Casner, Randy Cole, and Paul Raveling (ISI); Jim Forgie (Lincoln Laboratory); Mike McCammon (Culler-Harrison); John Markel (Speech Communications Research Laboratory); and John Makhoul (Bolt, Beranek and Newman).

The protocol consisted of two distinct parts: control protocols and a data transport protocol. Control protocols included relatively rudimentary telephony features such as indicating who wants to talk to whom; ring tones; negotiation of voice encoding; and call termination. Data messages contained encoded speech.^[2] For each encoding scheme (vocoder) a frame was defined as a packet containing the negotiated transmission interval of a number of digitized voice samples.

NVP was used by experimental Voice Funnel equipment (circa February 1981), based on BBN Butterfly computers, as part of ongoing ARPA research into packetized audio. ARPA staff and contractors used the Voice Funnel, and related video facilities, to do three-way and four-way video conferencing among a handful of US East and West Coast sites.

NVP was transported over the Internet Stream Protocol (ST) and a later version called Stream Protocol, version 2 (ST-II), both connection-oriented versions of the Internet Protocol (IP) and which carried the IP protocol version 5. These protocols may be viewed as early experiments in quality of service and connection-oriented network protocols such as Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM).

References

^ Danny Cohen; Stephen Casner; James W. Forgie. "ISI / RR-81-90 A Network Voice Protocol NVP-II" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-05-10.
^ ^a ^b Danny Cohen; Stephen Casner (August 2010), A Brief Prehistory of Voice over IP, Google, retrieved 2014-09-09

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 抗レトロウイルス療法の潜在的副作用に関するHIV感染患者を対象とした
カウンセリング counseling hiv infected patients regarding potential side effects of antiretroviral therapy
2. 非ヌクレオシド系逆転写酵素阻害剤の薬理学 pharmacology of non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
3. 妊娠時の抗レトロウイルス剤：非ヌクレオシド系逆転写酵素阻害剤 antiretroviral medications in pregnancy non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
4. 世界的なヒト免疫不全ウイルスの大流行 the global human immunodeficiency virus pandemic
5. 治療経験のある薬剤耐性HIV感染患者の評価 evaluation of the treatment experienced patient with drug resistant hiv infection

English Journal

Antiretroviral resistance patterns and factors associated with resistance in adult patients failing NNRTI-based regimens in the western cape, South Africa.

van Zyl GU, van der Merwe L, Claassen M, Zeier M, Preiser W.SourceDivision of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa. guvz@sun.ac.za.
Journal of medical virology.J Med Virol.2011 Oct;83(10):1764-9. doi: 10.1002/jmv.22189.
Antiretroviral drug resistance in patients failing non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based first-line combination antiretroviral treatment (ART) is influenced by: regimen choice, HIV-1 subtype, detection of and response to therapy failure. In order to describe resistance pattern
PMID 21837793

Augmentation of NVP-BEZ235's anticancer activity against human lung cancer cells by blockage of autophagy.

Xu CX, Zhao L, Yue P, Fang G, Tao H, Owonikoko TK, Ramalingam SS, Khuri FR, Sun SY.SourceEmory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA USA.
Cancer biology & therapy.Cancer Biol Ther.2011 Sep 15;12(6). [Epub ahead of print]
Autophagy is a cellular lysosomal degradation pathway essential for regulation of cell survival and death to maintain homeostasis. This process is negatively regulated by mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and often counteracts efficacy of certain cancer therapeutic agents. NVP-BEZ235 (B
PMID 21738008

Japanese Journal

NVP設計問題への異文化型島モデルによるGAの適用

荻野仁志,山内仁,金川明弘
情報処理学会研究報告. MPS, 数理モデル化と問題解決研究報告 2011-MPS-83(15), 1-2, 2011-05-10
… NVP(N-Version Program) とは,非常に高い信頼度を必要とするようなソフトウェアシステムにおいて,N 種類のソフトウェアバージョンを同時に実行し,その過半数を占めた結果を採用するという,多様性に基づく冗長化手法である.NVP 設計問題は NVP に用意された複数のバージョンの一つ一つに使用コストと信頼度を設定することで,システムの総構築コストの上限の範囲内で,信頼度を最大化 …
NAID 110008583468

ナシコン型電極材料A_3V_2(PO_4)_3(A=Li,Na)を対称電極に用いた二次電池の安全性向上への試み(電池技術関連,一般)

小林栄次,野口良典,Plashnitsa Larisa,岡田重人,山木準一
電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. CPM, 電子部品・材料 109(410), 17-22, 2010-01-25
本研究では、有機系溶媒に代わる電解質としてイオン液体、或いは固体電解質を用いたLiイオン電池の充放電挙動を確認した。また、ポストLiイオン電池として注目されているNaイオン電池材料についても検討した。その結果、イオン液体1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate(EMIBF_4)を用いたLi_3V_2(PO_4)_3/Li_3V_2(PO_4)_3と …
NAID 110007999947

Related Pictures

17 Best images about NISSAN NV on Pinterest | Rear seat, Four wheel drive and Utah NVP (@NewarkVc) | Twitter NVP-005 — Exhibit - Exhibition Design - Exhibit Hire - NVP Exhibits Simeon NVP | Free Listening on SoundCloud NVP-006 — Exhibit - Exhibition Design - Exhibit Hire - NVP Exhibits NVP (Nederlandse Vereniging voor Personeelsmanagement & Organisatieontwikkeling NVP.se (@NVPse) | Twitter NVP (@NLparticipatie) | Twitter