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any of a group of organic substances essential in small quantities to normal metabolism
the 5th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)e
the base of the natural system of logarithms; approximately equal to 2.718282...

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『ビタミン』,栄養素(身体の喜常な機能を維持するために少量ながら必要な有機化合物)
einsteiniumの化学記号

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/04/22 13:25:31」(JST)

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Vitamin E refers to a group of compounds that include both tocopherols and tocotrienols.^[1] Of the many different forms of vitamin E, γ-tocopherol is the most common form found in the North American diet.^[2] γ-Tocopherol can be found in corn oil, soybean oil, margarine, and dressings.^[3]^[4] α-tocopherol, the most biologically active form of vitamin E, is the second-most common form of vitamin E in the diet. This variant can be found most abundantly in wheat germ oil, sunflower, and safflower oils.^[4]^[5] As a fat-soluble antioxidant, it stops the production of reactive oxygen species formed when fat undergoes oxidation.^[6]^[7]^[8] Regular consumption of more than 1,000 mg (1,500 IU) of tocopherols per day^[9] may be expected to cause hypervitaminosis E, with an associated risk of vitamin K deficiency and consequently of bleeding problems.

1 Forms
- 1.1 α-Tocopherol
- 1.2 Tocotrienols
2 Functions
- 2.1 Deficiency
3 Supplementation
4 Clinical applications
5 Toxicity
6 Dietary sources
7 Recommended daily intake
8 History
9 Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular disease
- 9.1 Vitamin E and atherosclerosis
- 9.2 Critical evaluation of current related literature
10 Notes
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links

Forms

The nutritional content of vitamin E is defined by α-tocopherol activity. The molecules that contribute α-tocopherol activity are four tocopherols and four tocotrienols, identified by the prefixes alpha- (α-), beta- (β-), gamma- (γ-), and delta- (δ-).^[10] Natural tocopherols occur in the RRR-configuration only. The synthetic form contains eight different stereoisomers and is called 'all-rac'-α-tocopherol.^[11] Water-soluble forms such as d-alpha-tocopheryl succinate are used as food additive.^{[citation needed]}

α-Tocopherol

Sample of α-tocopherol, one of the various forms of vitamin E

alpha-Tocopherol is an important lipid-soluble antioxidant. It performs its functions as antioxidant in the glutathione peroxidase pathway,^[12] and it protects cell membranes from oxidation by reacting with lipid radicals produced in the lipid peroxidation chain reaction.^[7]^[13] This removes the free radical intermediates and prevents the oxidation reaction from continuing. The oxidized α-tocopheroxyl radicals produced in this process may be recycled back to the active reduced form through reduction by other antioxidants, such as ascorbate, retinol or ubiquinol.^[14] Other forms of vitamin E have their own unique properties; for example, γ-tocopherol is a nucleophile that can react with electrophilic mutagens.^[15]

Tocotrienols

Compared with tocopherols, tocotrienols are sparsely studied.^[16]^[17]^[18] In 2006, less than 1% of PubMed papers on vitamin E relate to tocotrienols.^[19] Continuing investigations into the potential pharmacological potential of tocotrienols continues. Tocotrienols may have specialized roles in protecting neurons from damage^[19] and cholesterol reduction^[20] by inhibiting the activity of HMG-CoA reductase; δ-tocotrienol blocks processing of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs).

Oral consumption of tocotrienols is also thought to protect against stroke-associated brain damage in vivo.^[21]

Functions

Vitamin E has many biological functions, the antioxidant function being the best known.^[22] Other functions include enzymatic activities, gene expression, and neurological function(s).^{[citation needed]}

As an antioxidant, vitamin E acts as a peroxyl radical scavenger, disabling the production of damaging free radicals in tissues, by reacting with them to form a tocopheryl radical, which will then be reduced by a hydrogen donor (such as vitamin C) and thus return to its reduced state.^[23] As it is fat-soluble, it is incorporated into cell membranes, which protects them from oxidative damage. Vitamin E has also found use as a commercial antioxidant in ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) used in hip and knee implants to replace faulty joints, to help resist oxidation.^[24]
As an enzymatic activity regulator, for instance, protein kinase C (PKC), which plays a role in smooth muscle growth, can be inhibited by α-tocopherol. α-Tocopherol has a stimulatory effect on the dephosphorylation enzyme, protein phosphatase 2A, which in turn, cleaves phosphate groups from PKC, leading to its deactivation, bringing the smooth muscle growth to a halt.^[25]
Vitamin E also has an effect on gene expression. Macrophages rich in cholesterol are found in the atherogenetic tissue. Scavenger receptor CD36 is a class B scavenger receptor found to be up-regulated by oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL) and binds it.^[26] Treatment with α-tocopherol was found to downregulate the expression of the CD36 scavenger receptor gene and the scavenger receptor class A (SR-A)^[26] and modulates expression of the connective tissue growth factor (CTGF).^[27]^[28] The CTGF gene, when expressed, is responsible for the repair of wounds and regeneration of the extracellular tissue lost or damaged during atherosclerosis.^[28]
Vitamin E also plays a role in neurological functions,^[29] and inhibition of platelet coagulation.^[30]^[31]^[32]
Vitamin E also protects lipids and prevents the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids.^[33]

So far, most human supplementation studies about vitamin E have used only α-tocopherol. This can affect levels of other forms of vitamin E, e.g. reducing serum γ- and δ-tocopherol concentrations. Moreover, a 2007 clinical study involving α-tocopherol concluded supplementation did not reduce the risk of major cardiovascular events in middle-aged and older men.^[34]

Deficiency

Vitamin E deficiency can cause:

spinocerebellar ataxia^[13]
myopathies^[4]
peripheral neuropathy^[6]^[35]^[36]
ataxia^[6]^[35]^[36]
skeletal myopathy^[6]^[35]^[36]
retinopathy^[6]^[35]^[36]
impairment of the immune response^[6]^[35]^[36]
red blood cell destruction^[33]

Supplementation

Vitamin E supplementation has not been shown to have significant benefit.^[37] High-dosage supplementation may slightly increase mortality.^[38]^[39] A meta-analysis involving 135,967 participants showed there is a significant relationship between vitamin E dosage and all-cause mortality, with dosages equal to or greater than 400 IU per day. However, there is a decrease in all-cause mortality at lower doses, optimum being 150 IU per day.^[40] It does not improve blood sugar control in an unselected group of people with diabetes mellitus^[41] or decrease the risk of stroke.^[42] Daily supplementation of vitamin E does not decrease the risk of prostate cancer, and may increase it.^[9]^[43] Studies on its role in age-related macular degeneration are ongoing, though if it is of a combination of dietary antioxidants used to treat the condition it may increase the risk.^[44]

Vitamin E, along with β-carotene and vitamin C, has no protective effect on reducing the risk of cataract, cataract extraction, progression of cataract, and slowing the loss of visual acuity.^[45]

Clinical applications

Vitamin E and its analogs are used to prevent and repair cell and tissue damage during radiation therapy. Vitamin E with adjuvant Evening Primrose Oil may reduce breast pain.^[46]

The use of vitamin E in the treatment of some cancers is beneficial. Vitamin E and its derivatives promote tumor susceptibility of ionizing radiation during cancer treatment.^[47]

Toxicity

The LD₅₀, or the toxic dose required to kill 50% of group of rats and mice, respectively is 4000 mg of VitaminE E/kg of rat and 4000 mg of Vitamin E/kg of mouse.^[48] Comparatively speaking, and at lethal doses, Vitamin E is less toxic than table salt and acetaminophen and it is more toxic than ethanol and Vitamin C. Vitamin E can act as an anticoagulant, increasing the risk of bleeding problems. As a result, many agencies have set a tolerable upper intake levels (UL) at 1,000 mg (1,500 IU) per day.^[9] In combination with certain other drugs such as aspirin, hypervitaminosis E can be life-threatening.^{[citation needed]} Hypervitaminosis E may also counteract vitamin K, leading to a vitamin K deficiency.^{[citation needed]}

Dietary sources

mg/(100 g) ^{[note 1]}		Some foods with vitamin E content^[6]
low	high	Some foods with vitamin E content^[6]
150		Wheat germ oil
44		Canola/rapeseed oil
41		Sunflower oil
95		Almond oil
34		Safflower oil
26		Almonds
19		Wheat germ
15		Palm oil^[49]
15		Hazelnuts
14		Olive oil
12.2		Common purslane^[50]
8.33		Peanuts
1.5	3.4	High-value green, leafy vegetables: spinach, turnip, beet greens, collard greens, and dandelion greens^{[note 2]}
2.32		Butter
2		Avocados^[51]
1.8		Cocoa butter
1.4		Sesame oil^[52]
1.1	1.5	Asparagus^{[note 3]}
1.5		Kiwifruit (green)
0.90		Cashew nuts
0.78	1.5	Broccoli^{[note 4]}
0.8	1	Pumpkin^{[note 5]}
0.26	0.94	Sweet potato^{[note 6]}
0.9		Mangoes
0.7		Walnuts
0.54	0.56	Tomatoes^{[note 7]}
0.36	0.44	Rockfish^{[note 8]}
0.3		Papayas
0.25		Tahini
0.13	0.22	Low-value green, leafy vegetables: lettuce^{[note 9]}

Butter and egg yolk are the only food containing vitamin E and free from phytate

Recommended daily intake

The Food and Nutrition Board at the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the US National Academy of Sciences reported the following dietary reference intakes for vitamin E:^[6]^[53]

mg/day	Age
Infants
4	0 to 6 months
5	7 to 12 months
Children
6	1 to 3 years
7	4 to 8 years
11	9 to 13 years
Adolescents and adults
15	14 and older

One IU of vitamin E is defined as equivalent to either: 0.67 mg of the natural form, RRR-α-tocopherol, also known as d-α-tocopherol; or 0.45 mg of the synthetic form, all-rac-α-tocopherol, also known as dl-α-tocopherol.^[6]

History

Vitamin E was discovered in 1922 by Herbert McLean Evans and Katharine Scott Bishop^[54] and first isolated in a pure form by Gladys Anderson Emerson in 1935 at the University of California, Berkeley.^[55] Erhard Fernholz elucidated its structure in 1938 and shortly afterwards the same year, Paul Karrer and his team first synthesized it.^[56]

The first use for vitamin E as a therapeutic agent was conducted in 1938 by Widenbauer, who used wheat germ oil supplement on 17 premature newborn infants suffering from growth failure. Eleven of the original 17 patients recovered and were able to resume normal growth rates.^[22]

In 1945, Drs. Evan V. Shute and Wilfred E. Shute, siblings from Ontario, Canada, published the first monograph arguing that megadoses of vitamin E can slow down and even reverse the development of atherosclerosis.^[57] Peer-reviewed publications soon followed.^[58]^[59] The same research team also demonstrated, in 1946, that α-tocopherol improved impaired capillary permeability and low platelet counts in experimental and clinical thrombocytopenic purpura.^[60]

Later, in 1948, while conducting experiments on alloxan effects on rats, Gyorge and Rose noted rats receiving tocopherol supplements suffered from less hemolysis than those that did not receive tocopherol.^[61] In 1949, Gerloczy administered all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate to prevent and cure edema.^[62]^[63] Methods of administration used were both oral, that showed positive response, and intramuscular, which did not show a response.^[22] This early investigative work on the benefits of vitamin E supplementation was the gateway to curing the vitamin E deficiency-caused hemolytic anemia described during the 1960s. Since then, supplementation of infant formulas with vitamin E has eradicated this vitamin’s deficiency as a cause for hemolytic anemia.^[22]

Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular disease

Vitamin E and atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a disease condition refer to the buildup of plaque, which is a substance containing lipid and cholesterol (mainly the low-density lipoprotein or LDL cholesterol) on the inner layer of the arterial lumen.^[64] With the existing plaque, instead of being smooth and elastic, the layers become thickened and irregular and the lumen of the artery become narrower. This vessel-narrowing effect lead to a reduction of blood circulation and can lead to or worsen the condition of hypertension.^[65]

There are currently multiple theories explaining factors causing and affecting the cholesterol plaque build up within arteries with the most popular theory indicating that the rate of build up is affected by the oxidation of the LDL cholesterol. LDL cholesterol is one of the five major groups of lipoproteins with one of the physiological roles being lipid transportation. A typical LDL particle contain 2,700 fatty acid molecules and half of them are poly-unsaturated fatty acids, which are very oxidation sensitive.^[66] Once the oxidation of LDL occur, it will start a series of undesirable effects starting from the increase production of inflammatory cytokines by stimulating the endothelial cells and monocytes, followed by increased production of tissue factors, production of macrophages and monocytes, which eventually lead to the formation of foam cells and accelerated development of atherosclerosis. With the presence of adequate concentration of vitamin E, which is a very potent fat-soluble antioxidant, it can inhibit the oxidation of LDL, and this inhibition contributes protection against the development of atherosclerosis and can stabilize the existing plaque.^[66]

Critical evaluation of current related literature

According to Asplund (2002)’s ^[67] meta-analysis, nine cohort studies showed that high intake of tocopherol was associated with a lower risk of CVD events compared with lower intake. The odds ratio (OR) was 0.74 (95% confidential interval (CI): 0.66-0.83). In this study, higher dietary, supplementation and combined vitamin E intake was also associated with lower CHD incidents, as presented in Appendix II. A large cohort study conducted by Rimm et al.^[68] in 1993 included 39,919 male health professionals aged between 40 to 75 showed that consumption of more than 60 IU of vitamin E (any form) per day was associated with a lower incidence of CHD compared with less than 7.5 IU/day intake. This study also showed an inverse association between vitamin E supplementation and the incidence of CHD. The relative risk (RR) of at least 100 IU/day for at least two years was 0.63 (95% CI: 0.74-0.84). A European cohort study was conducted by Knekt et al. in 1994. This study also found an inverse relationship between higher vitamin E (any form) intake and lower CHD risk in men and women. In addition, Kushi et al. (1996) discovered an inverse relationship between vitamin E intake and CHD mortality among 34,486 postmenopausal women (RR=0.38, 95% CI: 0.18-0.8; trend: P=0.014).

For the result of RCTs, as mentioned previously, it was controversy. A meta-analysis of 6 RCTs showed no significant association between vitamin E supplementation and CVD mortality; the pooled OR (95% CI) was 1.0 (0.94-1.06) (Vivekananthan et al., 2003). Another meta-analysis of 7 RCTs also showed similar results, with the pooled Ors (95% CI) of cardiovascular events, non-fatal MI, non-fatal stroke, and CVD deaths being 0.98 (0.94-1.03), 1.00 (0.92-1.09), 1.03 (0.93-1.14), and 1.00 (0.94-1.05), respectively ^[69]

Notes

^ "USDA Nutrient Data Laboratory". In notes 2–11, USDA NDL Release 24 numbers are given as mg/(100 g). Low and high values vary some by raw versus cooked and by variety.
^ Spinach (2.0 raw, 2.1 cooked), turnip (2.9 raw, 1.9 cooked), beet (1.5 raw, 1.8 cooked), collard (2.3 raw, 0.88 cooked), and dandelion greens (3.4 raw, 2.4 cooked)
^ 1.1 raw, 1.5 cooked
^ 0.78 raw, 1.5 cooked
^ 1. raw, 0.8 cooked
^ 0.26 raw, 0.94 boiled
^ 0.54 raw, 0.56 cooked
^ 0.36 raw, 0.44 cooked
^ Lettuce (0.18 iceberg, 0.22 green leaf, 0.13 romaine, 0.15 red leaf, 0.18 butterhead)

References

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^ Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board. (2000). Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in Dietary Assessment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. p. 289. OCLC 45618946.
^ Evans HM, Bishop KS; Bishop (1922). "On the existence of a hitherto unrecognized dietary factor essential for reproduction". Science 56 (1458): 650–651. Bibcode:1922Sci....56..650E. doi:10.1126/science.56.1458.650. JSTOR 1647181. PMID 17838496.
^ Oakes, Elizabeth H. (2007). "Emerson, Gladys Anderson". Encyclopedia of World Scientists. p. 211. ISBN 1438118821{{inconsistent citations}}
^ Subcommittee on Vitamin Tolerance, Committee on Animal Nutrition, National Research Council (1987). "Vitamin E, in Vitamin Tolerance of Animals". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
^ Shute, W. E.; Shute, E. V.; et al., Alpha Tocopherol (Vitamin E) in Cardiovascular Disease. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Ryerson Press, 1945
^ Vogelsang A, Shute EV; Shute (June 1946). "Effect of vitamin E in coronary heart disease". Nature 157 (3997): 772. Bibcode:1946Natur.157..772V. doi:10.1038/157772b0. PMID 21064771.
^ Shute EV, Vogelsang AB, Skelton FB, Shute WE; Vogelsang (January 1948). "The influence of vitamin E on vascular disease". Surg Gynecol Obstet 86 (1): 1–8. PMID 18920873.
^ Skelton F, Shute E, Skinner HG, Waud RA; Shute; Skinner; Waud (1946). "Antipurpuric Action of A-Tocopherol (Vitamin E)". Science 103 (2687): 762. doi:10.1126/science.103.2687.762-b. PMID 17836459.
^ György P, Rose CS; Rose (1948). "Effect of dietary factors on early mortality and hemoglobinuria in rats following administration of alloxan". Science 108 (2817): 716–718. Bibcode:1948Sci...108..716G. doi:10.1126/science.108.2817.716. PMID 17752961.
^ Gerloczy F (1949). "Clinical and pathological role of d, 1-alpha tocopherol in premature infants; studies on the treatment of scleroedema". Ann Paediatr 173 (3): 171–86. PMID 18140084.
^ Brion LP, Bell EF, Raghuveer TS; Bell; Raghuveer (2003). Brion, Luc P, ed. "Vitamin E supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4): CD003665. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003665. PMID 14583988. These observations explain why even a small dose of 5 mg of dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate provided enterally has proven to be more efficient than larger intramuscular doses (30 mg) in treating scleredema (Gerlóczy 1949)
^ American Heart Association, 2015
^ Maruyama, K; Iso, H (2014). Overview of the Role of Antioxidant Vitamins as Protection Against Cardiovascular Disease: Implications of Aging. Available from: Aging: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants (1 ed.). New York: Elsevier Inc. p. Chapter 21.
^ ^a ^b Simon, E; Gariepy, J; Cogny, A; Moatti, A; Simon, A (2001). "Erythrocyte, but not plasma, vitamin E concentration is associated with carotid intima–media thickening in asymptomatic men at risk for cardiovascular disease.". Atherosclerosis 159: 193–200. doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(01)00493-2.
^ Asplund, K (2002). "Antioxidant vitamins in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review.". Journal of Internal Medicine 251: 372–392. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2796.2002.00973.x.
^ Rimm, E.B; Stampfer, M.J; Ascherio, A (1993). "Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease in men". New England Journal of Medicine 328: 1450–6. doi:10.1056/NEJM199305203282004. PMID 8479464.
^ Eidelman, R.S; Hollar, D; Hebert, P.R; Lamas, G.A; Hennekens, C.H (2004). "Randomized trials of vitamin E in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease". Archives of Internal Medicine 164: 1552–6. doi:10.1001/archinte.164.14.1552. PMID 15277288.

External links

"Vitamin E"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Volume 52, October 1949, pages 66–427
Vitamin E bound to proteins in the PDB
Vitamin E Medline Plus, Medical Encyclopedia, U.S. National Library of Medicine
Vitamin E Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health
Jane Higdon, "Vitamin E", Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University
The uses of Vitamin E in highly crosslinked UHMWPE
Important Facts About Vitamin E by Dr. Weil

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. ビタミンEの概要 overview of vitamin e
2. 疾患予防におけるビタミン補給 vitamin supplementation in disease prevention
3. 遺伝性運動失調の概要 overview of the hereditary ataxias
4. 冠動脈疾患における食物性抗酸化物質 nutritional antioxidants in coronary heart disease
5. 成人における非アルコール性脂肪肝疾患の自然経過およびマネージメント natural history and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adults

English Journal

α-Tocopherol (vitamin E) stimulates cyclic AMP production in human peripheral mononuclear cells and alters immune function.

Salinthone S, Kerns AR, Tsang V, Carr DW.SourceDepartment of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
Molecular immunology.Mol Immunol.2013 Mar;53(3):173-8. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.08.005. Epub 2012 Sep 1.
α-Tocopherol, the most biologically active member of the vitamin E family of fat soluble compounds, exhibits both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its mechanisms of action are not fully understood. Here, we show that, unlike other antioxidants, α-tocopherol stimulates the pro
PMID 22947771

Nano-formulation of paclitaxel by vitamin E succinate functionalized pluronic micelles for enhanced encapsulation, stability and cytotoxicity.

Tao Y, Han J, Wang X, Dou H.SourceDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, TX, USA; Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA.
Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces.Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces.2013 Feb 1;102:604-10. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.08.062. Epub 2012 Sep 6.
Vitamin E succinate (TOS) modified pluronic micelles (PF-TOS micelles) were prepared to be used as a vehicle for paclitaxel (PTX). The average size of resultant PTX-loaded PF-TOS micelles (PF-TOS-PTX-micelles) was about 58nm. PF-TOS-PTX-micelles showed enhanced encapsulation efficiency and better st
PMID 23104031

Japanese Journal

Protein nanogelation using vitamin B₆-bearing pullulan : effect of zinc ions (Special Issue : Fusion Materials : Creative development of materials and exploration of their function through molecular control)

Tsuchido Yuji,Sasaki Yoshihiro,Sawada Shin-ichi [他]
Polymer journal 47(2), 201-205, 2015-02
NAID 40020346350

ビタミンEの機能性 (特集いまどきのビタミン、ミネラル)

青木由典,阿部皓一
Food style 21 19(2), 54-56, 2015-02
NAID 40020339676

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「トコフェロール」「ビタミンE」
関連記事	「Es」「E」

「トコフェロール」

Vitamin E
	Drug class
	The α-tocopherol form of vitamin E
Class identifiers
Use	Vitamin E deficiency, antioxidant
ATC code	A11H
Biological target	Reactive oxygen species
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com	MedFacts Natural Products
External links
MeSH	D014810

　　[★]

英: tocopherol、tocopherol acetate、tocopherol nicotinate、tocopherol calcium succinate
化: ニコチン酸トコフェロール tocopherol nicotinate、コハク酸トコフェロールカルシウム tocopherol calcium succinate、[[]] tocopherol acetate
商: ベクタン、ユベラ、(トコフェロールニコチン酸エステル)ニコ; M.V.I.、M.V.I.-12キット、NEソフト、VEニコチネート、アゼプチン、アミノレバンEN配合、エセブロン、エパラ、エルネオパ1号輸液、エレンタールP乳幼児用配合、エレンタール配合、エンシュア・リキッド、オーツカＭＶ、ゲファルナート、ケントン、ダイメジン・マルチ、ツインラインNF配合、ツインライン配合、トコニジャスト、ナーセット配合、ニコ200ソフト、ニチEネート、ネオM.V.I.-9、ネオパレン1号輸液、ネオラミン・マルチＶ、ハイシップ、バナール、バナールＮ、パンビタン、ビタジェクト、ビタミンE、ビタミンＥ、ファンギゾン、フルカリック１号輸液、ベクタン、ヘパンED配合、ヘモナーゼ配合、マルタミン、ユベ-E、ユベラN、ラコールNF配合、ラコール配合、リバスタッチ、流動パラフィン.OI; ユベラ Juvela(錠,ビタミンAとの合剤)
関: ビタミンE vitamin E。その他の循環器官用薬

参考

ニコ200ソフトカプセル

http://www.info.pmda.go.jp/go/pack/2190006M2110_2_07/2190006M2110_2_07?view=body

「ビタミンE」

　　[★]

英: vitamin E V. E
同: トコフェロール tocopherol、トコトリエノール tocotrienol、酢酸トコフェロール tocopherol acetate、コハク酸トコフェロールカルシウム calcium tocopherol succinate
商: フェニルアラニン除去ミルク配合、ユベラ、ロイシン・イソロイシン・バリン除去ミルク配合
関: ビタミン

概念

脂溶性ビタミン
D-α-トコフェロール
抗酸化作用を有する。
脂質層のラジカルの捕捉。ここで消費されたビタミンEはビタミンCにより再生される。

(http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3E)

臨床関連

欠乏

ビタミンE欠乏症

過剰

「Es」

　　[★] アインスタイニウム

関: einsteinium

「E」

　　[★]

[49] "USDA Nutrient Data Laboratory". In notes 2–11, USDA NDL Release 24 numbers are given as mg/(100 g). Low and high values vary some by raw versus cooked and by variety.

[52] Spinach (2.0 raw, 2.1 cooked), turnip (2.9 raw, 1.9 cooked), beet (1.5 raw, 1.8 cooked), collard (2.3 raw, 0.88 cooked), and dandelion greens (3.4 raw, 2.4 cooked)

[55] 1.1 raw, 1.5 cooked

[56] 0.78 raw, 1.5 cooked

[57] 1. raw, 0.8 cooked

[58] 0.26 raw, 0.94 boiled

[59] 0.54 raw, 0.56 cooked

[60] 0.36 raw, 0.44 cooked

[61] Lettuce (0.18 iceberg, 0.22 green leaf, 0.13 romaine, 0.15 red leaf, 0.18 butterhead)

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[63] Evans HM, Bishop KS; Bishop (1922). "On the existence of a hitherto unrecognized dietary factor essential for reproduction". Science 56 (1458): 650–651. Bibcode:1922Sci....56..650E. doi:10.1126/science.56.1458.650. JSTOR 1647181. PMID 17838496.

[64] Oakes, Elizabeth H. (2007). "Emerson, Gladys Anderson". Encyclopedia of World Scientists. p. 211. ISBN 1438118821{{inconsistent citations}}

[65] Subcommittee on Vitamin Tolerance, Committee on Animal Nutrition, National Research Council (1987). "Vitamin E, in Vitamin Tolerance of Animals". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 22 December 2013.

[66] Shute, W. E.; Shute, E. V.; et al., Alpha Tocopherol (Vitamin E) in Cardiovascular Disease. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Ryerson Press, 1945

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[pmid17836459-69] Skelton F, Shute E, Skinner HG, Waud RA; Shute; Skinner; Waud (1946). "Antipurpuric Action of A-Tocopherol (Vitamin E)". Science 103 (2687): 762. doi:10.1126/science.103.2687.762-b. PMID 17836459.

[70] György P, Rose CS; Rose (1948). "Effect of dietary factors on early mortality and hemoglobinuria in rats following administration of alloxan". Science 108 (2817): 716–718. Bibcode:1948Sci...108..716G. doi:10.1126/science.108.2817.716. PMID 17752961.

[71] Gerloczy F (1949). "Clinical and pathological role of d, 1-alpha tocopherol in premature infants; studies on the treatment of scleroedema". Ann Paediatr 173 (3): 171–86. PMID 18140084.

[72] Brion LP, Bell EF, Raghuveer TS; Bell; Raghuveer (2003). Brion, Luc P, ed. "Vitamin E supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4): CD003665. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003665. PMID 14583988. These observations explain why even a small dose of 5 mg of dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate provided enterally has proven to be more efficient than larger intramuscular doses (30 mg) in treating scleredema (Gerlóczy 1949)

[American_Heart_Association.2C_2015-73] American Heart Association, 2015

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Vitamin E
Drug class
The α-tocopherol form of vitamin E
Class identifiers
Use	Vitamin E deficiency, antioxidant
ATC code	A11H
Biological target	Reactive oxygen species
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com	MedFacts Natural Products
External links
MeSH	D014810

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案内

vitamin E