WordNet

of or relating to or inside the intestines; "intestinal disease" (同)enteric, enteral
amide combining the amino group of one amino acid with the carboxyl group of another; usually obtained by partial hydrolysis of protein

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/12 22:05:12」(JST)

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Vasoactive intestinal peptide also known as the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide or VIP is a peptide hormone containing 28 amino acid residues. VIP is a neuropeptide that belongs to a glucagon/secretin superfamily, the ligand of class II G protein-coupled receptors.^[1] VIP is produced in many tissues of vertebrates including the gut, pancreas, and suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus in the brain.^[2]^[3] VIP stimulates contractility in the heart, causes vasodilation, increases glycogenolysis, lowers arterial blood pressure and relaxes the smooth muscle of trachea, stomach and gall bladder. In humans, the vasoactive intestinal peptide is encoded by the VIP gene.^[4]

VIP has a half-life (t_½) in the blood of about two minutes.

Function

VIP has an effect on several tissues:

With respect to the digestive system, VIP seems to induce smooth muscle relaxation (lower esophageal sphincter, stomach, gallbladder), stimulate secretion of water into pancreatic juice and bile, and cause inhibition of gastric acid secretion and absorption from the intestinal lumen.^[5] Its role in the intestine is to greatly stimulate secretion of water and electrolytes,^[6] as well as relaxation of enteric smooth muscle, dilating peripheral blood vessels, stimulating pancreatic bicarbonate secretion, and inhibiting gastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion. These effects work together to increase motility.^[7]

It also has the function of stimulating pepsinogen secretion by chief cells.^[8]

It is also found in the brain and some autonomic nerves. One region of the brain includes a specific area of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the location of the 'master circadian pacemaker'. The SCN coordinates daily timekeeping in the body and VIP plays a key role in communication between individual brain cells within this region. Further, VIP is also involved in synchronising the timing of SCN function with the environmental light-dark cycle. Combined, these roles in the SCN make VIP a crucial component of the mammalian circadian timekeeping machinery.

VIP helps to regulate prolactin secretion;^[9] it stimulates prolactin release in the domestic turkey.

It is also found in the heart and has significant effects on the cardiovascular system. It causes coronary vasodilation^[5] as well as having a positive inotropic and chronotropic effect. Research is being performed to see if it may have a beneficial role in the treatment of heart failure.

VIP provokes vaginal lubrication in normal women, doubling the total volume of lubrication produced.^[10]

The growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GH-RH) is a member of the VIP family and stimulates Growth Hormone secretion in the anterior pituitary gland.

Pathology

VIP is overproduced in VIPoma.^[5] Can be associated with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (Pituitary, parathyroid and pancreatic tumors). Symptoms are typically:

Profuse non-bloody/non-mucoid diarrhea (3L+) causing dehydration and the associated electrolyte disturbances such as hypokalemia and metabolic acidosis.
Lethargy and exhaustion may ensue

References

^ Umetsu Y, Tenno T, Goda N, Shirakawa M, Ikegami T, Hiroaki H (May 2011). "Structural difference of vasoactive intestinal peptide in two distinct membrane-mimicking environments". Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta 1814 (5): 724–30. doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.03.009. PMID 21439408.
^ Fahrenkrug J, Emson PC (Sep 1982). "Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide: functional aspects". British Medical Bulletin 38 (3): 265–70. PMID 6129023.
^ Said SI (Apr 1986). "Vasoactive intestinal peptide". Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 9 (2): 191–200. doi:10.1007/bf03348097. PMID 2872248.
^ Linder S, Barkhem T, Norberg A, Persson H, Schalling M, Hökfelt T, Magnusson G (Jan 1987). "Structure and expression of the gene encoding the vasoactive intestinal peptide precursor". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 84 (2): 605–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.2.605. PMC 304259. PMID 3025882.
^ ^a ^b ^c Bowen R (1999-01-24). "Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide". Pathophysiology of the Endocrine System: Gastrointestinal Hormones. Colorado State University. Retrieved 2009-02-06.
^ "Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide". General Practice Notebook. Retrieved 2009-02-06.
^ Bergman RA, Afifi AK, Heidger PM. "Plate 6.111 Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP)". Atlas of Microscopic Anatomy: Section 6 - Nervous Tissue. www.anatomyatlases.org. Retrieved 2009-02-06.
^ Sanders MJ, Amirian DA, Ayalon A, Soll AH (Nov 1983). "Regulation of pepsinogen release from canine chief cells in primary monolayer culture". The American Journal of Physiology 245 (5 Pt 1): G641–6. PMID 6195927.
^ Kulick RS, Chaiseha Y, Kang SW, Rozenboim I, El Halawani ME (Jul 2005). "The relative importance of vasoactive intestinal peptide and peptide histidine isoleucine as physiological regulators of prolactin in the domestic turkey". General and Comparative Endocrinology 142 (3): 267–73. doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2004.12.024. PMID 15935152.
^ Ottesen B, Pedersen B, Nielsen J, Dalgaard D, Wagner G, Fahrenkrug J (1987). "Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) provokes vaginal lubrication in normal women". Peptides 8 (5): 797–800. doi:10.1016/0196-9781(87)90061-1. PMID 3432128.

External links

Pathway at biocarta.com
Physiology: 6/6ch2/s6ch2_34 - Essentials of Human Physiology

UpToDate Contents

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1. 血管作動性腸管ポリペプチド vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
2. VIP産生腫瘍：臨床的特徴、診断、およびマネージメント vipoma clinical manifestations diagnosis and management
3. 膵神経内分泌腫瘍（膵島細胞腫瘍）の分類、疫学、臨床症状、局在、および病期分類 classification epidemiology clinical presentation localization and staging of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors islet cell tumors
4. 胃酸分泌の生理学 physiology of gastric acid secretion
5. グルカゴン産生腫瘍およびグルカゴノーマ症候群 glucagonoma and the glucagonoma syndrome

English Journal

The effect of palmitoylation on the conformation and physical stability of a model peptide hormone.

Longo E1, Santis ED1, Hussain R2, van der Walle CF3, Casas-Finet J4, Uddin S3, Santos AD3, Siligardi G1.
International journal of pharmaceutics.Int J Pharm.2014 Sep 10;472(1-2):156-64. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.06.008. Epub 2014 Jun 10.
Peptides are ideal drug candidates due to their potency and specificity, but suffer from a short half-life and low membrane permeability. Acylation can overcome these limitations but the consequences to stability under different formulation conditions and stresses are largely unreported. Using synch
PMID 24928136

Neurochemical phenotype of cytoglobin-expressing neurons in the rat hippocampus.

Hundahl CA1, Fahrenkrug J2, Hannibal J2.
Biomedical reports.Biomed Rep.2014 Sep;2(5):620-627. Epub 2014 Jun 16.
Cytoglobin (Cygb), a novel oxygen-binding protein, is expressed in the majority of tissues and has been proposed to function in nitric oxide (NO) metabolism in the vasculature and to have cytoprotective properties. However, the overall functions of Cygb remain elusive. Cygb is also expressed in a su
PMID 25054000

Monocytes from Sjögren's syndrome patients display increased vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2 expression and impaired apoptotic cell phagocytosis.

Hauk V1, Fraccaroli L, Grasso E, Eimon A, Ramhorst R, Hubscher O, Pérez Leirós C.
Clinical and experimental immunology.Clin Exp Immunol.2014 Sep;177(3):662-70. doi: 10.1111/cei.12378.
Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by salivary and lacrimal gland dysfunction. Clinical observations and results from animal models of SS support the role of aberrant epithelial cell apoptosis and immune homeostasis loss in the glands as triggering factors for the
PMID 24827637

Japanese Journal

Synthesis of VIP-Lipopeptide Using a New Linker to Modify Liposomes: Towards the Development of a Drug Delivery System for Active Targeting

Masaka Toru,Matsuda Takuya,Li Yingpeng [他],Koide Yuki,Takami Akira,Yano Kenji,Imai Ryosuke,Ichihara Risa,Yagi Nobuhiro,Suzuki Hideharu,Hikawa Hidemasa,Terada Katsuhide,Yokoyama Yuusaku
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 61(11), 1184-1187, 2013
… A new component for the solid phase peptide synthesis of lipopeptide, 2-[(4R,5R)-5-({[(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy]carbonylaminomethyl}-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methoxy]acetic acid (2), was designed and synthesized from (−)-2,3-O-isopropylidene-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">D</span>-threitol (3) in 4 steps. …
NAID 130003360912

Development of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Derivative-Loaded PLGA Nanospheres with Improved Duration of Action

MATSUI Takuya,KURIYAMA Kazuki,OGAWA Kumiko,KOJO Yoshiki,MIZUMOTO Takahiro,ONOUE Satomi,YAMADA Shizuo
Peptide
NAID 10030204358

Neuropeptide Effects in the Trigeminal System : Pathophysiology and Clinical Relevance in Migraine

MESSLINGER Karl,FISCHER Michael J. M.,LENNERZ Jochen K.
Keio journal of medicine 60(3), 82-89, 2011-09-01
… The neuropeptides substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) have been considered as important mediators in migraine and other primary headaches. …
NAID 10029624739

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「血管作動性腸管ポリペプチド」「血管作動性小腸ペプチド」
拡張検索	「type I vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor」「vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor」「type II vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor」
関連記事	「intestinal」「vasoactive」

「血管作動性腸管ポリペプチド」

Vasoactive intestinal peptide
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	2RRH, 2RRI
Identifiers
Symbols	VIP ; PHM27
External IDs	OMIM: 192320 MGI: 98933 HomoloGene: 2539 ChEMBL: 5737 GeneCards: VIP Gene
Gene ontology
Molecular function	• hormone activity; • neuropeptide hormone activity; • protein binding;
Cellular component	• extracellular region; • cell; • neuronal cell body;
Biological process	• positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation; • G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway; • body fluid secretion; • learning or memory; • positive regulation of cell proliferation; • positive regulation of adenylate cyclase activity involved in G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway; • regulation of protein localization; • negative regulation of apoptotic process; • negative regulation of potassium ion transport; • positive regulation of protein catabolic process; • positive regulation of vasodilation; • mRNA stabilization; • negative regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation; • regulation of sensory perception of pain; • positive regulation of penile erection; • prolactin secretion;
	Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
	More reference expression data
Orthologs
	v; t; e;

　　[★]

英: vasoactive intestinal polypeptide VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide
同: 血管作用性小腸ペプチド
関: 神経伝達物質

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