WordNet

of or relating to the enteron (同)enteral
of or relating to or inside the intestines; "intestinal disease" (同)enteric, enteral
come on stage
to come or go into; "the boat entered an area of shallow marshes" (同)come_in, get_into, get_in, go_into, go in, move into
become a participant; be involved in; "enter a race"; "enter an agreement"; "enter a drug treatment program"; "enter negotiations" (同)participate

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腸[内]の
…‘に'『入る』,入り込む / 〈弾丸などが〉…‘を'突き通す,‘に'入り込む(penetrate) / …‘の'『一員となる』,‘に'入る;…‘に'参加する / (…に)〈人〉‘を'入学させる;(競争などに)〈人・動物など〉‘を'参加させる《+『名』+『in』(『for』)+『名』》 / (…に)…‘を'記入する,登録する《+『名』+『in』(『into, on』)+『名』》 / 〈新しい生活・局面など〉‘に'入る / 〈異議など〉‘を'正式に申し出る / 『入る』 / 登場する

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/12/25 11:37:52」(JST)

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"Enteric" redirects here. For other uses, see Enteric (disambiguation).

In human anatomy, the intestine (or bowel, hose or gut) is the segment of the alimentary canal extending from the pyloric sphincter of the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine. In humans, the small intestine is further subdivided into the duodenum, jejunum and ileum while the large intestine is subdivided into the cecum and colon.^[1]

Structure and function[edit]

The structure and function can be described both as gross anatomy and at a microscopic level. The intestine is divided into two parts: The small intestine and the large intestine. ^[2] People will have different sized intestines according to their size and age. The lumen is the cavity where digested food passes through and from where nutrients are absorbed. Both intestines share a general structure with the whole gut, and are composed of several layers. Going from inside the lumen radially outwards, one passes the mucosa (glandular epithelium and muscularis mucosa), sub mucosa, muscularis externa (made up of inner circular and outer longitudinal), and lastly serosa.

The general structure of the intestinal wall

Along the whole length of the gut in the glandular epithelium are goblet cells. These secrete mucus which lubricates the passage of food along and protects it from digestive enzymes. In the small intestine, villi are vaginations (folds) of the mucosa and increase the overall surface area of the intestine while also containing a lacteal, which is connected to the lymph system and aids in the removal of lipids and tissue fluid from the blood supply. Micro villi are present on the epithelium of a villus and further increase the surface area over which absorption can take place. Pocket-like invaginations into the underlying tissue are termed Crypts of Lieberkühn. In the large intestines, villi are absent and a flat surface with thousands of crypts is observed.
Underlying the epithelium is the lamina propria, which contains myofibroblasts, blood vessels, nerves, and several different immune cells.
The next layer is the muscularis mucosa which is a layer of smooth muscle that aids in the action of continued peristalsis and catastalsis along the gut. The sub mucosa contains nerves (e.g. Meissner's plexus), blood vessels and elastic fibre with collagen that stretches with increased capacity but maintains the shape of the intestine.
Surrounding this is the muscularis externa which comprises longitudinal and circular smooth muscle that again helps with continued peristalsis and the movement of digested material out of and along the gut. In between the two layers of muscle lies Auerbach's plexus.
Lastly there is the serosa which is made up of loose connective tissue and coated in mucus so as to prevent any friction damage from the intestine rubbing against other tissue. Holding all this in place are the mesenteries which suspend the intestine in the abdominal cavity and stop it being disturbed when a person is physically active.

The large intestine hosts several kinds of bacteria that deal with molecules the human body is not able to break down itself.^[3] This is an example of symbiosis. These bacteria also account for the production of gases inside our intestine (this gas is released as flatulence when eliminated through the anus). However the large intestine is mainly concerned with the absorption of water from digested material (which is regulated by the hypothalamus) and the re absorption of sodium, as well as any nutrients that may have escaped primary digestion in the ileum.

Diseases and disorders[edit]

Gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the intestines. It occurs more frequently than any other disease of the intestines.
Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction is a syndrome caused by a malformation of the digestive system, characterized by a severe impairment in the ability of the intestines to push and assimilate. Symptoms include daily abdominal and stomach pain, nausea, severe distension, vomiting, heartburn, dysphagia, diarrhea, constipation, dehydration and malnutrition. There is no cure for intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Different types of surgery and treatment managing life threatening complications such as ileus and volvulus, intestinal stasis which lead to bacterial overgrowth, and resection of affected or dead parts of the gut may be needed. Many patients require parenteral nutrition.
Ileus is a blockage of the intestines.
Ileitis is an inflammation of the ileum.
Colitis is an inflammation of the large intestine.
Appendicitis is inflammation of the vermiform appendix located at the caecum. This is a potentially fatal disease if left untreated; most cases of appendicitis require surgical intervention.
Coeliac disease is a common form of malabsorption, affecting up to 1% of people of northern European descent. An autoimmune response is triggered in intestinal cells by digestion of gluten proteins. Ingestion of proteins found in wheat, barley and rye, causes villous atrophy in the small intestine. Lifelong dietary avoidance of these foodstuffs in a gluten-free diet is the only treatment.
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are examples of inflammatory bowel disease. While Crohn's can affect the entire gastrointestinal tract, ulcerative colitis is limited to the large intestine. Crohn's disease is widely regarded as an autoimmune disease. Although ulcerative colitis is often treated as though it were an autoimmune disease, there is no consensus that it actually is such. (See List of autoimmune diseases).
Enteroviruses are named by their transmission-route through the intestine (enteric meaning intestinal), but their symptoms aren't mainly associated with the intestine.
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most common functional disorder of the intestine. Functional constipation and chronic functional abdominal pain are other disorders of the intestine that have physiological causes, but do not have identifiable structural, chemical, or infectious pathologies. They are aberrations of normal bowel function but not diseases.^[4]
Diverticular disease is a condition that is very common in older people in industrialized countries. It usually affects the large intestine but has been known to affect the small intestine as well. Diverticulosis occurs when pouches form on the intestinal wall. Once the pouches become inflamed it is known as diverticulitis.
Endometriosis can affect the intestines, with similar symptoms to IBS.
Bowel twist (or similarly, bowel strangulation) is a comparatively rare event (usually developing sometime after major bowel surgery). It is, however, hard to diagnose correctly, and if left uncorrected can lead to bowel infarction and death. (The singer Maurice Gibb is understood to have died from this.)
Angiodysplasia of the colon
Chronic functional abdominal pain
Colorectal cancer
Constipation
Diarrhea
Hirschsprung's disease (aganglionosis)
Intussusception
Polyp (medicine) (see also Colorectal polyp)
Pseudomembranous colitis
Ulcerative colitis and toxic megacolon

In non-human animals[edit]

Animal intestines have multiple uses. From each species of livestock that is a source of milk, a corresponding rennet is obtained from the intestines of milk-fed calves. Pig and calf intestines are eaten, and pig intestines are used as sausage casings. Calf intestines supply Calf Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase (CIP), and are used to make Goldbeater's skin.

References[edit]

^ Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins, Charles William McLaughlin, Susan Johnson, Maryanna Quon Warner, David LaHart, Jill D. Wright (1969). Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-981176-1. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ Thomasin.shtml "Length of a Human Intestine". Retrieved 2 September 2069.
^ Judson Knight. Science of everyday things: Real-life earth science. Vol. 4. Gale Group; 2002. ISBN 978-0-7876-5634-8.
^ http://www.irregularbowelsyndrome.info

Encyclopædia Britannica article on intestine retrieved on 2007-03-27

UpToDate Contents

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1. サルモネラ胃腸炎の病因 pathogenesis of salmonella gastroenteritis
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English Journal

Synthesis and characterization of new derivatives of alginic acid and evaluation of their iron(III)-crosslinked beads as potential controlled release matrices.

Abulateefeh SR1, Khanfar MA, Al Bakain RZ, Taha MO.
Pharmaceutical development and technology.Pharm Dev Technol.2014 Nov;19(7):856-67. doi: 10.3109/10837450.2013.836222. Epub 2013 Sep 13.
CONTEXT: The excellent gelling and safety profiles of alginic acid combined, however, with drawbacks of its ionotropically crosslinked beads (i.e. their quick release of loaded drugs) prompted us to chemically modify alginic acid.OBJECTIVE: Alginic acid was chemically conjugated with four amines of
PMID 24032476

In vitro evaluation of the safety and probiotic properties of Lactobacilli isolated from chicken and calves.

Bujnakova D1, Strakova E2, Kmet V1.
Anaerobe.Anaerobe.2014 Oct;29:118-27. doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.10.009. Epub 2013 Nov 27.
A total of 73 chicken and calves isolates were diagnosed using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of flight mass spectrometry (Maldi-Tof MS). After a preliminary subtractive screening based on the high acid tolerance at pH 2.5 and bile resistance at 0.3% oxgall, twenty isolates belongi
PMID 24291759

Numbers of coliforms, Escherichia coli, F-RNA phage, rotavirus, bovine enteric calicivirus and presence of non-O157 STEC on commercial vacuum packaged beef.

Jones TH1, Nattress FM2, Dilts B2, Olsen D2, Muehlhauser V2.
Food microbiology.Food Microbiol.2014 Sep;42:225-31. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.04.001. Epub 2014 Apr 19.
The numbers of coliforms, Escherichia coli, F-RNA coliphages, bovine enteric calicivirus (BEC) and rotavirus (RV) and presence of non-O157 shiga toxigenic E. coli (STEC) were determined on commercial vacuum packaged beef subprimals at the retail level from swabs obtained from the entire surfaces of
PMID 24929741