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located outside the alimentary tract
administered by means other than through the alimentary tract (as by intramuscular or intravenous injection)
of or relating to the enteron (同)enteral
come on stage
to come or go into; "the boat entered an area of shallow marshes" (同)come_in, get_into, get_in, go_into, go in, move into
become a participant; be involved in; "enter a race"; "enter an agreement"; "enter a drug treatment program"; "enter negotiations" (同)participate

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…‘に'『入る』,入り込む / 〈弾丸などが〉…‘を'突き通す,‘に'入り込む(penetrate) / …‘の'『一員となる』,‘に'入る;…‘に'参加する / (…に)〈人〉‘を'入学させる;(競争などに)〈人・動物など〉‘を'参加させる《+『名』+『in』(『for』)+『名』》 / (…に)…‘を'記入する,登録する《+『名』+『in』(『into, on』)+『名』》 / 〈新しい生活・局面など〉‘に'入る / 〈異議など〉‘を'正式に申し出る / 『入る』 / 登場する

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/12 17:32:11」(JST)

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In general medicine, enteral nutrition or drug administration (Greek enteros , "intestine") is feeding or drug administration by the digestion process of a gastrointestinal (GI) tract, such as the human gastrointestinal tract. This contrasts with parenteral nutrition or drug administration (Greek para, "besides" + enteros), which occurs from routes outside the GI tract, such as intravenous routes. Generally, drugs are given by two general methods: enteral and parenteral administration. Enteral administration involves the esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines (i.e., the gastrointestinal tract). Methods of administration include oral, sublingual (dissolving the drug under the tongue), and rectal. Parenteral routes do not involve the gastrointestinal tract.^[1] In pharmacology, the route of drug administration is important because it affects drug metabolism, drug clearance, and thus dosage.

Forms of enteral administration

Enteral administration may be divided into three different categories, depending on the entrance point into the GI tract: oral (by mouth), gastric (through the stomach), and rectal (from the rectum). (Gastric introduction involves the use of a tube through the nasal passage (NG tube) or a tube in the belly leading directly to the stomach (PEG tube). Rectal administration usually involves rectal suppositories.)

Oral administration		Rectal administration
Solids	Liquids	-
Pill	Solution	Ointment
Tablet	Softgel	Suppository
Time release technology	Suspension	Enema
Osmotic controlled release capsule	Emulsion	Murphy drip
	Syrup	Nutrient enema
	Elixir
	Tincture
	hydrogel

Drug absorption from the intestine

The mechanism for drug absorption from the intestine is for most drugs passive transfer, a few exceptions include levodopa and fluorouracil, which are both absorbed through carrier-mediated transport. For passive transfer to occur, the drug has to diffuse through the lipid cell membrane of the epithelial cells lining the inside of the intestines. The rate at which this happens is largely determined by two factors: Ionization and lipid solubility.^[2]

Factors influencing gastrointestinal absorption:

Gastrointestinal motility.
Splanchnic blood flow.
Particle size and formulation.
Physicochemical factors.

First pass metabolism

Drugs given by enteral administration may be subjected to significant first pass metabolism, and therefore, the amount of drug entering the systemic circulation following administration may vary significantly for different individuals and drugs. Rectal administration is not subject to extensive first pass metabolism.

References

^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/188838/enteral-administration
^ Rang, H. P. (2007). Rang and Dale's Pharmacology. Elsevier. p. 104. ISBN 0-443-06911-5.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 経腸栄養：経胃栄養と幽門後経管栄養の比較 enteral feeding gastric versus post pyloric
2. 重症患者における栄養補給：経腸栄養 nutrition support in critically ill patients enteral nutrition
3. 経鼻胃管と経鼻腸管 nasogastric and nasoenteric tubes
4. 乳児および幼児における経腸栄養 enteral nutrition in infants and children
5. 成人における短腸症候群の管理 management of the short bowel syndrome in adults

English Journal

Intestinal alkaline phosphatase to treat necrotizing enterocolitis.

Biesterveld BE1, Koehler SM2, Heinzerling NP3, Rentea RM3, Fredrich K1, Welak SR4, Gourlay DM5.
The Journal of surgical research.J Surg Res.2015 Jun 15;196(2):235-40. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.02.030. Epub 2015 Feb 19.
BACKGROUND: Intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) activity is decreased in necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and IAP supplementation prevents NEC development. It is not known if IAP given after NEC onset can reverse the course of the disease. We hypothesized that enteral IAP given after NEC induction
PMID 25840489

A 6th Vital Sign-Potential Use of Nasogastric Tube for Intra-abdominal Pressure Monitoring Method to Detect Feeding Intolerance in Very Low Birth-Weight Preterm Infants (<1500 g).

Carter BM1, Howard C.
Advances in neonatal care : official journal of the National Association of Neonatal Nurses.Adv Neonatal Care.2015 Jun;15(3):176-81. doi: 10.1097/ANC.0000000000000175.
BACKGROUND: While various feeding strategies designed to optimize growth have been investigated and used in the clinical setting, the problem of not being able to recognize the warning signs of feeding intolerance early enough to prevent serious gastrointestinal complication commonly associated with
PMID 26002859

Topical Nystatin for the Prevention of Catheter-Associated Candidiasis in ELBW Infants.

Bodin MB1, Godoy G, Philips JB 3rd.
Advances in neonatal care : official journal of the National Association of Neonatal Nurses.Adv Neonatal Care.2015 Jun;15(3):220-4. doi: 10.1097/ANC.0000000000000170.
BACKGROUND: Catheter-associated Candida bloodstream infections are a common and serious problem in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Several prophylactic regimens have been developed including oral administration of nonabsorbable antifungals and intravenous infusions. No reports to date have
PMID 25938952

Japanese Journal

褥瘡治療における栄養管理の役割について -高齢者褥瘡患者の解析を通して

神戸常盤大学紀要 (9), 93-101, 2016-03-31
NAID 110010034344

Prolonged Dysphagia due to a Combination of Cerebral Hemorrhage and Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis: A Case Report

NMC Case Report Journal 3(3), 75-79, 2016
NAID 130005162874

認知症周辺症状の増悪が疑われた術後数週目の急激な摂食拒否に対し、経皮的内視鏡的胃瘻造設術が有効であった1症例

日本静脈経腸栄養学会雑誌 31(3), 849-852, 2016
NAID 130005158208

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リンク元	「parenteral」「腸内」「経腸性」「経腸的」「経腸」
拡張検索	「parenterally」「parenteral nutrition」「peripheral parenteral nutrition」
関連記事	「enter」