WordNet

surgical procedures and hormonal treatments designed to alter a persons sexual characteristics so that the resemble those of the opposite sex (同)transsexual surgery
cause to change; make different; cause a transformation; "The advent of the automobile may have altered the growth pattern of the city"; "The discussion has changed my thinking about the issue" (同)alter, modify
become different in some particular way, without permanently losing ones or its former characteristics or essence; "her mood changes in accordance with the weather"; "The supermarkets selection of vegetables varies according to the season" (同)alter, vary
exchange or replace with another, usually of the same kind or category; "Could you convert my dollars into pounds?"; "He changed his name"; "convert centimeters into inches"; "convert holdings into shares" (同)exchange, commute, convert
a relational difference between states; especially between states before and after some event; "he attributed the change to their marriage"
change clothes; put on different clothes; "Change before you go to the opera"
coins of small denomination regarded collectively; "he had a pocketful of change"
money received in return for its equivalent in a larger denomination or a different currency; "he got change for a twenty and used it to pay the taxi driver"
remove or replace the coverings of; "Father had to learn how to change the baby"; "After each guest we changed the bed linens"
the balance of money received when the amount you tender is greater than the amount due; "I paid with a twenty and pocketed the change"
the result of alteration or modification; "there were marked changes in the lining of the lungs"; "there had been no change in the mountains"
undergo a change; become different in essence; losing ones or its original nature; "She changed completely as she grew older"; "The weather changed last night"
a different or fresh set of clothes; "she brought a change in her overnight bag"
a thing that is different; "he inspected several changes before selecting one"
the action of changing something; "the change of government had no impact on the economy"; "his change on abortion cost him the election"
an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another; "the change was intended to increase sales"; "this storm is certainly a change for the worse"; "the neighborhood had undergone few modifications since his last visit years ago" (同)alteration, modification
tell the sex (of young chickens)
the properties that distinguish organisms on the basis of their reproductive roles; "she didnt want to know the sex of the foetus" (同)gender, sexuality
all of the feelings resulting from the urge to gratify sexual impulses; "he wanted a better sex life"; "the film contained no sex or violence" (同)sexual urge
either of the two categories (male or female) into which most organisms are divided; "the war between the sexes"
made or become different in some respect; "hes an altered (or changed) man since his election to Congress"
changed in constitution or structure or composition by metamorphism; "metamorphic rocks"
made or become different in nature or form; "changed attitudes"; "changed styles of dress"; "a greatly changed country after the war"
having sexual differentiation
characterized by sexuality; "highly sexed"
marked by continuous change or effective action (同)ever-changing

PrepTutorEJDIC

(…に)…'を'『変える』,改める《+『名』+『into』+『名』》 / …'を'『取り替える』,交換する / 〈小切手・為替〉'を'現金にする,〈金〉'を'両替えする;(…に)…'を'両替する《+『名』+『into』+『名』》 / (…に)『変わる』,変化する《+『to』(『into』)+『名』》 / (他の衣服に)着替える《+『into』+『名』》 / (…に)乗り換える《+『to』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(…の)『変化』,移り変わり,変遷《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(…の)『取り替え』,交換;乗り換え《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉釣り銭,小銭
〈U〉〈C〉『性』,性別 / 《the~》《形容詞を伴い集合的に》『男性』,『女性』 / 〈U〉(男女(雌雄)間の)相違[の意識] / 〈U〉性に関する事柄(情報) / 〈U〉性交 / 〈ひよこなど〉‘の'性別を見分ける

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/16 08:45:28」(JST)

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Sex change is a process by which a person or animal changes sex – that is, by which female sexual characteristics are substituted for male ones, or vice versa. Sex change may occur naturally, as in the case of the sequential hermaphroditism observed in some species. Most commonly, however, the term is used for sex reassignment therapy, including sex reassignment surgery, carried out on humans. It is also sometimes used for the medical procedures applied to intersexual people. The term may also be applied to the broader process of changing gender role ("living as a woman" instead of living as a man, or vice versa), including but not necessarily limited to medical procedures.

Natural sex change

In animals

A clownfish – a species in which sex change from male to female is a normal process

Some species exhibit sequential hermaphroditism. In these species, such as many species of coral reef fishes, sex change is a normal anatomical process.^[1] Clownfish, wrasses, moray eels, gobies^[2] and other fish species are known to change sex, including reproductive functions. A school of clownfish is always built into a hierarchy with a female fish at the top. When she dies, the most dominant male changes sex and takes her place.^[3] In the wrasses (the family Labridae), sex change is from female to male, with the largest female of the harem changing into a male and taking over the harem upon the disappearance of the previous dominant male.

Natural sex change, in both directions, has also been reported in mushroom corals. This is posited to take place in response to environmental or energetic constraints, and to improve the organism's evolutionary fitness; similar phenomena are observed in some dioecious plants.^[4]

In humans

Several medical conditions can result in a natural sex change in humans, where the appearance at birth is somewhat, mostly, or completely of one sex, but changes over the course of a lifetime to being somewhat, mostly or completely of the other sex. The overwhelming majority of natural sex changes are from a female appearance at birth to a male appearance after puberty, due to either 5-alpha-reductase deficiency (5alpha-RD-2) or 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency (17beta-HSD-3).^[5]^[6] A relative handful of male to female changes have been reported, and the etiologies of these are not well understood.^[7]^[8]

Genetic females (with two X chromosomes) with congenital adrenal hyperplasia lack an enzyme needed by the adrenal gland to make the hormones cortisol and aldosterone. Without these hormones, the body produces more androgens. This causes male sex characteristics to appear early (or inappropriately).^[9]^[10]^[11]

Genetic males (with one X and one Y chromosome) with androgen insensitivity syndrome are resistant to androgens. As a result, the person has some or all of the physical characteristics of a female, despite having the genetic makeup of a male. The degree of sexual ambiguity varies widely in persons with incomplete AIS. Incomplete AIS can include other disorders such as Reifenstein syndrome which is associated with breast development in men.^[12]

Sex change as medical procedure

Humans are most commonly said to have "a sex change" when they undergo sex reassignment therapy, that is, a set of medical procedures undergone by transgender people to alter their sexual characteristics from male to female or from female to male. The term may also refer specifically to sex reassignment surgery, which usually refers to genital surgery only. The term is also sometimes used for the medical procedures intersex people undergo, or, more often, are subjected to as children.

The term "sex change" is sometimes also used for the whole process of changing gender role ("living as a woman" instead of living as a man, or vice versa), not limited to medical procedures. (This process is often much more important to transgender people than the medical procedures themselves, although medically induced changes and surgeries may be needed to make a change of gender role possible, both socially and legally; they can also have a very significant impact on the person's well-being.)

Many people also see "sex change" as factually inaccurate.^[13] Sex in humans is usually determined by four factors:

Chromosomes
Gonads (Ovaries and/or testicles)
Hormone status
Primary sex characteristics, sometimes also secondary sex characteristics

Not all of these factors can be changed, however:

Chromosomes cannot be changed.
Gonads can be removed, but not replaced
Hormone status is easily changed
Existing secondary sex characteristics can to some extent be changed; existing ones mostly through surgery, non-existing ones can be induced to grow through hormones.
For example: Changing a male genital anatomy into a good or even excellent female appearance with functioning is complicated, but entirely possible; changing a female genital anatomy into an even reasonably male appearing one however is extremely complicated and not successful very often; function is always limited.^{[citation needed]}

Gender reassignment is usually preceded by a period of feminization or masculinization. This is accomplished through hormone replacement therapy, where, for those transitioning to female, estrogens and antiandrogens and sometimes progestogens are prescribed. For those transitioning to male, androgens are prescribed. The most common minimum waiting period before gender reassignment surgery is two years, as specified by the Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender Nonconforming People. Hormone replacement therapy is normally started after sufficient counselling, and/or after a period of living 'full-time' (in the target gender) typically for a minimum of six months. This waiting period may vary depending on local regulations, and is sometimes nonexistent. Many trans people become medical tourists, as gender reassignment surgery is typically less expensive, less regulated, and sometimes performed by much more experienced surgeons in countries such as Thailand.

References

^ Black, MP; Grober, MS (2003). "Group sex, sex change, and parasitic males: Sexual strategies among the fishes and their neurobiological correlates". Annual review of sex research 14: 160–84. PMID 15287162.
^ Lorenzi, V; Earley, R.L.; Grober, M.S. (2006). "Preventing behavioural interactions with a male facilitates sex change in female bluebanded gobies, Lythrypnus dalli". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 59: 715-722. doi:10.1007/s00265-005-0101-0.
^ "Nemo Meets Neuroscience" (ARTICLE). Beckman Institute. Retrieved 2013-12-09.
^ Yossi Loya and Kazuhiko Sakai, "Bidirectional sex change in mushroom stony corals", Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 22 October 2008
^ Cohen-Kettenis, Peggy T. (2005). "Gender Change in 46,XY Persons with 5α-Reductase-2 Deficiency and 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase-3 Deficiency". Archives of Sexual Behavior 34 (4): 399–410. doi:10.1007/s10508-005-4339-4. PMID 16010463.
^ Bertelloni, Silvano; Maggio, M. Cristina; Federico, Giovanni; Baroncelli, Giampiero; Hiort, Olaf (2006). "17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-3 deficiency: A rare endocrine cause of male-to-female sex reversal". Gynecological Endocrinology 22 (9): 488–94. doi:10.1080/09513590600921358. PMID 17071532.
^ Salt D, Brain Z (June 2007). "Intersex: Case studies". Cosmos (15).
^ Khan U (2008-07-02). "Father of five naturally turning into a woman". Daily Telegraph UK.
^ U.S. National Library of Medicine, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
^ Bostwick, J. M.; Martin, K. A. (2007). "A Man's Brain in an Ambiguous Body: A Case of Mistaken Gender Identity". American Journal of Psychiatry 164 (10): 1499–505. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07040587. PMID 17898338.
^ http://www.isna.org/faq/printable
^ U.S. National Library of Medicine, Androgen insensitivity syndrome
^ Pfäfflin F, Junge A (2003). Sex reassignment thirty years of international follow-up studies after sex reassignment surgery: a comprehensive review, 1961–1991. International journal of transgenderism. Symposion: Düsseldorf. OCLC 244295488. ^{[page needed]}

External links

Sex Change Regret

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