同: hyperalgia

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/03/29 02:57:04」(JST)

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Not to be confused with Hypoalgesia.

Hyperalgesia (/ˌhaɪpərælˈdʒiziə/ or /-siə/; 'hyper' from Greek ὑπέρ (huper, “over”), '-algesia' from Greek algos, ἄλγος (pain)) is an increased sensitivity to pain, which may be caused by damage to nociceptors or peripheral nerves. Temporary increased sensitivity to pain also occurs as part of sickness behavior, the evolved response to infection.^[1]

Types[edit]

Hyperalgesia can be experienced in focal, discrete areas, or as a more diffuse, body-wide form. Conditioning studies have established that it is possible to experience a learned hyperalgesia of the latter, diffuse form.

The focal form is typically associated with injury, and is divided into two subtypes:

Primary hyperalgesia describes pain sensitivity that occurs directly in the damaged tissues.
Secondary hyperalgesia describes pain sensitivity that occurs in surrounding undamaged tissues.

Opioid-induced hyperalgesia may develop as a result of long-term opioid use in the treatment of chronic pain.^[2] Various studies of humans and animals have demonstrated that primary or secondary hyperalgesia can develop in response to both chronic and acute exposure to opioids This side effect can be severe enough to warrant discontinuation of opioid treatment.

Causes[edit]

Hyperalgesia is induced by platelet-activating factor (PAF) which comes about in an inflammatory or an allergic response. This seems to occur via immune cells interacting with the peripheral nervous system and releasing pain-producing chemicals (cytokines and chemokines).^[3]

One unusual cause of focal hyperalgesia is platypus venom.^[4]

Long term opioid (e.g. heroin, oxycodone) users and those on high-dose opioid medications for the treatment of chronic pain, may experience hyperalgesia and experience pain out of proportion to physical findings, which is a common cause for loss of efficacy of these medications over time.^[2]^[5]^[6] As it can be difficult to distinguish from tolerance, opioid-induced hyperalgesia is often compensated for by escalating the dose of opioid, potentially worsening the problem by further increasing sensitivity to pain. Chronic hyperstimulation of opioid receptors results in altered homeostasis of pain signalling pathways in the body with several mechanisms of action involved. One major pathway being through stimulation of the nociceptin receptor,^[7]^[8]^[9] and blocking this receptor may therefore be a means of preventing the development of hyperalgesia.^[10]

Stimulation of pain fibers in a pattern consistent with that from inflammation switches on a form of amplification in the spinal cord, long term potentiation.^[11] This occurs where the pain fibres synapse to pain pathway, the periaqueductal grey. Amplification in the spinal cord may be another way of producing hyperalgesia.

The release of proinflammatory cytokines such as Interleukin-1 by activated leukocytes triggered by lipopolysaccharides, endotoxins and other signals of infection also increases pain sensitivity as part of sickness behavior, the evolved response to illness.^[1]^[12]^[13]

Treatment[edit]

Look up hyperalgesia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Hyperalgesia is similar to other sorts of pain associated with nerve damage such as allodynia and neuropathic pain, and consequently may respond to standard treatment for these conditions, using various drugs such as SSRI or tricyclic antidepressants,^[14]^[15] non-steroid antiinflammatory drugs,^[16] glucocorticoids,^[17] gabapentin^[18] or pregabalin,^[19] NMDA antagonists,^[20]^[21]^[22] or atypical opioids such as tramadol.^[23] Where hyperalgesia has been produced by chronic high doses of opioids, reducing the dose may result in improved pain management.^[24] However, as with other forms of nerve dysfunction associated pain, treatment of hyperalgesia can be clinically challenging, and finding a suitable drug or drug combination that is effective for a particular patient may require trial and error.

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b Hart BL (1988). "Biological basis of the behavior of sick animals". Neurosci Biobehav Rev 12 (2): 123–37. doi:10.1016/S0149-7634(88)80004-6. PMID 3050629.
^ ^a ^b Chu LF, Angst MS, Clark D (2008). "Opioid-induced hyperalgesia in humans: molecular mechanisms and clinical considerations". Clin J Pain 24 (6): 479–96. doi:10.1097/AJP.0b013e31816b2f43. PMID 18574358.
^ Marchand F, Perretti M, McMahon SB (July 2005). "Role of the immune system in chronic pain". Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 6 (7): 521–32. doi:10.1038/nrn1700. PMID 15995723.
^ de Plater GM, Milburn PJ, Martin RL (March 2001). "Venom from the platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, induces a calcium-dependent current in cultured dorsal root ganglion cells". J. Neurophysiol. 85 (3): 1340–5. PMID 11248005.
^ DuPen A, Shen D, Ersek M (September 2007). "Mechanisms of opioid-induced tolerance and hyperalgesia". Pain Manag Nurs 8 (3): 113–21. doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2007.02.004. PMID 17723928.
^ Mitra S (2008). "Opioid-induced hyperalgesia: pathophysiology and clinical implications". J Opioid Manag 4 (3): 123–30. PMID 18717507.
^ Okuda-Ashitaka E, Minami T, Matsumura S, et al. (February 2006). "The opioid peptide nociceptin/orphanin FQ mediates prostaglandin E2-induced allodynia, tactile pain associated with nerve injury". Eur. J. Neurosci. 23 (4): 995–1004. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04623.x. PMID 16519664.
^ Fu X, Zhu ZH, Wang YQ, Wu GC (January 2007). "Regulation of proinflammatory cytokines gene expression by nociceptin/orphanin FQ in the spinal cord and the cultured astrocytes". Neuroscience 144 (1): 275–85. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.09.016. PMID 17069983.
^ Chen Y, Sommer C (May 2007). "Activation of the nociceptin opioid system in rats. Sensory neurons produce antinociceptive effects in inflammatory pain: involvement of inflammatory mediators". J. Neurosci. Res. 85 (7): 1478–88. doi:10.1002/jnr.21272. PMID 17387690.
^ Tamai H, Sawamura S, Takeda K, Orii R, Hanaoka K (March 2005). "Anti-allodynic and anti-hyperalgesic effects of nociceptin receptor antagonist, JTC-801, in rats after spinal nerve injury and inflammation". Eur. J. Pharmacol. 510 (3): 223–8. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.01.033. PMID 15763246.
^ Ikeda H, Stark J, Fischer H, et al. (June 2006). "Synaptic amplifier of inflammatory pain in the spinal dorsal horn". Science 312 (5780): 1659–62. doi:10.1126/science.1127233. PMID 16778058.
^ Kelley KW, Bluthé RM, Dantzer R, et al. (February 2003). "Cytokine-induced sickness behavior". Brain Behav. 17 (Suppl 1): S112–8. doi:10.1016/S0889-1591(02)00077-6. PMID 12615196.
^ Maier SF, Wiertelak EP, Martin D, Watkins LR (October 1993). "Interleukin-1 mediates the behavioral hyperalgesia produced by lithium chloride and endotoxin". Brain Res. 623 (2): 321–4. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(93)91446-Y. PMID 8221116.
^ Sindrup SH, Otto M, Finnerup NB, Jensen TS (June 2005). "Antidepressants in the treatment of neuropathic pain". Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 96 (6): 399–409. doi:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2005.pto_96696601.x. PMID 15910402.
^ Matsuzawa-Yanagida K, Narita M, Nakajima M, et al. (July 2008). "Usefulness of antidepressants for improving the neuropathic pain-like state and pain-induced anxiety through actions at different brain sites". Neuropsychopharmacology 33 (8): 1952–65. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301590. PMID 17957217.
^ Koppert W, Wehrfritz A, Körber N, et al. (March 2004). "The cyclooxygenase isozyme inhibitors parecoxib and paracetamol reduce central hyperalgesia in humans". Pain 108 (1–2): 148–53. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2003.12.017. PMID 15109518.
^ Stubhaug A, Romundstad L, Kaasa T, Breivik H (October 2007). "Methylprednisolone and Ketorolac rapidly reduce hyperalgesia around a skin burn injury and increase pressure pain thresholds". Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 51 (9): 1138–46. doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.2007.01415.x. PMID 17714578.
^ Gottrup H, Juhl G, Kristensen AD, et al. (December 2004). "Chronic oral Gabapentin reduces elements of central sensitization in human experimental Hyperalgesia.". Anesthesiology 101 (6): 1400–8. PMID 15564948.
^ Chizh BA, Göhring M, Tröster A, Quartey GK, Schmelz M, Koppert W (February 2007). "Effects of oral pregabalin and aprepitant on pain and central sensitization in the electrical hyperalgesia model in human volunteers". Br J Anaesth 98 (2): 246–54. doi:10.1093/bja/ael344. PMID 17251214.
^ Warncke T, Stubhaug A, Jørum E (August 1997). "Ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, suppresses spatial and temporal properties of burn-induced secondary Hyperalgesia in man: a double-blind, cross-over comparison with morphine and placebo.". Pain 72 (1–2): 99–106. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(97)00006-7. PMID 9272793.
^ De Kock MF, Lavand'homme PM (March 2007). "The clinical role of NMDA receptor antagonists for the treatment of postoperative pain". Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 21 (1): 85–98. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2006.12.006. PMID 17489221.
^ Klein T, Magerl W, Hanschmann A, Althaus M, Treede RD (January 2008). "Antihyperalgesic and analgesic properties of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist neramexane in a human surrogate model of neurogenic Hyperalgesia.". Eur J Pain 12 (1): 17–29. doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2007.02.002. PMID 17449306.
^ Christoph T, Kögel B, Strassburger W, Schug SA (2007). "Tramadol has a better potency ratio relative to morphine in neuropathic than in nociceptive pain models". Drugs R D 8 (1): 51–7. doi:10.2165/00126839-200708010-00005. PMID 17249849.
^ Vorobeychik Y, Chen L, Bush MC, Mao J (September 2008). "Improved opioid analgesic effect following opioid dose reduction.". Pain Med 9 (6): 724–7. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2008.00501.x. PMID 18816332.

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Japanese Journal

Involvement of NGF in the Rat Model of Persistent Muscle Pain Associated With Taut Band

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「疼痛」「神経因性疼痛」「痛覚過敏」「hyperalgesic」
拡張検索	「primary hyperalgesia」「thermal hyperalgesia」「secondary hyperalgesia」

「疼痛」

Hyperalgesia
	Classification and external resources
ICD-9	782.0
DiseasesDB	30788
MeSH	D006930

　　[★]

英: pain, dolor
同: 痛み
関: 痛覚 pain sensation

疼痛

疼痛の伝達

Aδ線維
C線維

疼痛の調節

ゲートコントロール：Aδ線維とC線維による痛みはAβ線維による入力で中枢伝達細胞のレベルで抑制される。
下行性疼痛抑制系神経系：下行性疼痛抑制系神経系による入力で中枢伝達細胞のレベルで抑制される。

下行性疼痛抑制系神経系は中脳水道周辺灰白質からの脊髄への入力からなる。具体的には大縫線核(セロトニン作動性)、巨大細胞網様核・傍巨大細胞網様核(ノルアドレナリン作動性)がの2系統が起点となる。抗うつ薬はこれらの神経伝達物質の再吸収を妨げ鎮痛作用を発揮する。

痛みと異常知覚の命名法

Adams and s Principles of Neurology, Ninth Edition Allan Ropper. table 8-2より抜粋

dysesthesia : Any abnormal sensation described as unpleasant by the patient.
hyperalgesia : Exaggerated pain response from a normally painful stimulus; usually includes aspects of summation with repeated stimulus of constant intensity and aftersensation.
hyperpathia : Abnormally painful and exaggerated reaction to a painful stimulus; related to hyperalgesia.
hyperesthesia (hypesthesia) : Exaggerated perception of touch stimulus.
allodynia : Abnormal perception of pain from a normally nonpainful mechanical or thermal stimulus; usually has elements of delay in perception and of aftersensation.
hypoalgesia (hypalgesia) : Decreased sensitivity and raised threshoid to painful stimuli.
anesthesia : Reduced perception of all sensation, mainly touch.
pallanesthesia : Loss of perception of vibration.
analgesia : Reduced perception of pain stimulus.
paresthesia : Mainly spontaneous abnormal sensation that is not unpleasant; usually described as "pins and needles".
causalgia : Buming pain in the distribution of one or more peripheral nerves.