機能障害性の

WordNet

impaired in function; especially of a bodily system or organ
(of a trait or condition) failing to serve an adjustive purpose; "dysfunctional behavior" (同)nonadaptive
(medicine) any disturbance in the functioning of an organ or body part or a disturbance in the functioning of a social group; "erectile dysfunction"; "sexual relationship dysfunction" (同)disfunction

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機能障害,機能不全

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/01/25 17:59:39」(JST)

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Abnormality (or dysfunctional behavior), in the vivid sense of something deviating from the normal or differing from the typical (such as an aberration), is a subjectively defined behavioral characteristic, assigned to those with rare or dysfunctional conditions. Behavior is considered abnormal when it is atypical, out of the ordinary, causes some kind of impairment, or consists of undesirable behavior. ^[1] who is normal or abnormal is a contentious issue in abnormal psychology. ^[2]

Several conventional criteria

There are five main criteria of abnormality. They are 1. statistical criterion 2. social criterion 3. personal discomfort 4. maladaptive behaviour 5. deviation from ideal

One criterion for "abnormality" that may appear to apply in the case of abnormal behavior is statistical infrequency. This has an obvious flaw — the extremely intelligent are just as abnormal as their opposites. Therefore, individual abnormal behaviors are considered statistically unusual as well as undesirable. The presence of some form of abnormal behavior is not unusual. About one quarter of people in the United States, for example, are believed to meet criteria for a mental disorder in any given year.^[3] Mental disorders, by definition, involve unusual or statistically abnormal behaviors.
A more discerning criterion is distress. A person who is displaying a great deal of depression, anxiety, unhappiness, etc. would be thought of as exhibiting abnormal behavior because their own behavior distresses them. Unfortunately, many people are not aware of their own mental state, and while they may benefit from help, they feel no compulsion to receive it.
Another criterion is morality. This presents many difficulties, because it would be impossible to agree on a single set of morals for the purposes of diagnosis.
One criterion commonly referenced is maladaptivity. If a person is behaving in ways counter-productive to their own well-being, it is considered maladaptive. Although more tenable than the above criteria, it does have some shortcomings. For example, moral behavior including dissent and abstinence may be considered maladaptive to some.
Another criterion that has been suggested is that abnormal behavior violates the standards of society. When people do not follow the conventional social and moral rules of their society, the behavior is considered abnormal. However, the magnitude of the violation and how commonly it is violated by others must be taken into consideration.
Another proposed feature of abnormal behavior is observer discomfort,^[4] that is, it causes discomfort to those who witness it.
The standard criteria in psychology and psychiatry is that of mental illness or mental disorder. Determination of abnormality is based upon medical diagnosis. This is often criticized for removing control from the 'patient', and being easily manipulated by political or social goals.

Statistical Infrequency: In this definition of abnormality, statistically rare behaviors are called abnormal. For instance, one may say that an individual of above or below average IQ is abnormal. This definition, however, fails to recognize the desirability of the particular incidence. This definition also implies that the presence of abnormal behavior in people should be rare or statistically unusual, which is not the case. Instead, any specific abnormal behavior may be unusual, but it is not unusual for people to exhibit some form of prolonged abnormal behavior at some point in their lives ¹.

Deviation from Social Norms defines the departure or deviation of an individual, from society's unwritten rules (norms). For example if one was to witness a man jumping around, nude, on the streets, the man would be perceived as abnormal, as he has broken society's norms about wearing clothing. There are also a number of criteria for one to examine before reaching a judgment as to whether someone has deviated from society's norms. The first of these criterion being culture; what may be seen as normal in one culture, may be seen as abnormal in another. The second criterion being the situation & context one is placed in; for example, going to the toilet is a normal human act, but going in the middle of a supermarket would be seen as highly abnormal, i.e., defecating or urinating in public is illegal as a misdemeanor act of indecent public conduct. The third criterion is age; a child at the age of three could get away with taking off its clothing in public, but not a man at the age of twenty. The fourth criterion is gender: a male responding with behavior normally reacted to as female, and vice versa, is retaliated against, not just corrected. The fifth criterion is historical context; standards of normal behavior change in some societies, sometimes very rapidly.

FF: The Failure to Function Adequately definition of abnormality defines whether or not a behavior is abnormal if it is counter-productive to the individual. The main problem with this definition however is that psychologists cannot agree on the boundaries that define what is 'functioning' and what is 'adequately', as some behaviors that can cause 'failure to function' are not seen as bad, for example firemen risking their lives to save people in a blazing fire.

DIM: Deviation from Ideal Mental health defines abnormality by determining if the behavior the individual is displaying is affecting their mental well-being. As with the Failure to Function definition, the boundaries that stipulate what 'ideal mental health' is are not properly defined, and the bigger problem with the definition is that all individuals at some point in their life deviate from ideal mental health, but it does not mean they are abnormal. I.e., someone who has lost a relative is distressed, but is not defined as abnormal for showing that particular behaviour. On the contrary, there are some indications that some people require assistance to grieve properly ².

A common approach to defining abnormality is a Multi-Criteria approach, where all definitions of abnormality are used to determine whether an individuals behavior is abnormal. For example, if an individual is engaging in a particular behavior that is preventing them from 'functioning', breaks a social norm and is statistically infrequent, then psychologists would be prepared to define this individual's behavior as abnormal. A good example of an abnormal behavior assessed by a multi-criteria approach is depression: it is commonly seen as a deviation from ideal mental stability, it often stops the individual from 'functioning' a normal life, and, though it is a relatively common mental disorder, it is still statistically infrequent. Most people do not experience significant major depressive disorder in their lifetime ³.

Notes and references

¹NIMH factsheet on frequency of mental disorders.
²Article on complicated grief.
³Article on results of the National Comorbidity Study

References

^ "Abnormal". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
^ "Classification and Assessment of Abnormal Behavior". csun.edu. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
^ "The Numbers Count: Mental Disorders in America". NIMH. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
^ David Rosenhan & Martin Seligman (1984) Abnormal Psychology

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English Journal

Predictors of Grief in Bereaved Family Caregivers of Person's With Alzheimer's Disease: A Prospective Study.

Romero MM1, Ott CH, Kelber ST.Author information 1a School of Nursing , Northern Michigan University , Marquette , Michigan , USA.AbstractThe purpose of this prospective study was to identify factors in 66 spouses and adult child caregivers of person's with Alzheimer's disease prior to the death that predicted higher levels of grief in bereavement. A hierarchical regression model was tested. Predeath grief, dysfunctional coping, depression, social support, and decreased positive states of mind explained 54.7% of the variance in postdeath grief. Factors that contributed significantly to postdeath grief included predeath grief and depression. Results from this study indicate that risk factors for postdeath grief can be predicted prior to the death.
Death studies.Death Stud.2014 Jul;38(6):395-403. doi: 10.1080/07481187.2013.809031. Epub 2013 Oct 18.
The purpose of this prospective study was to identify factors in 66 spouses and adult child caregivers of person's with Alzheimer's disease prior to the death that predicted higher levels of grief in bereavement. A hierarchical regression model was tested. Predeath grief, dysfunctional coping, depre
PMID 24666146

Dopamine decreases NMDA currents in the oval bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of cocaine self-administering rats.

Krawczyk M1, Debacker J1, Mason X1, Jones AA1, Dumont EC2.Author information 1Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Center for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, 99 University Avenue, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.2Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Center for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, 99 University Avenue, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada. Electronic address: eric.dumont@queensu.ca.AbstractDopamine (DA) and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) contribute in the neural processes underlying drug-driven behaviors. DA is a potent modulator of NMDAR, but few studies have investigated the functional interaction between DA and NMDAR in the context of substance abuse. We combined the rat model of cocaine self-administration with brain slice electrophysiology to study DA modulation of NMDA currents in the oval bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (ovBNST), a dense DA terminal field involved in maintenance of cocaine self-administration amongst other drug related behaviors. Long-Evans rats self-administered intravenous cocaine (0.75mg/kg/injection) on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement for 15days and whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were done on the 16th day. DA reduced NMDA currents in brain-slices from cocaine self-administering rats, but not in those of drug-naïve and sucrose self-administering, or when cocaine exposure was passive (yoked), revealing a mechanism unique to voluntary cocaine intake. DA reduced NMDA currents by activating G-protein-coupled D1- and D2-like receptors that converged on phospholipase C and protein phosphatases. Accordingly, our study reveals a mechanism that may contribute to dysfunctional synaptic plasticity associated with drug-driven behaviors during acute withdrawal.
Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry.Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry.2014 Jun 3;51:83-8. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.01.011. Epub 2014 Jan 26.
Dopamine (DA) and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) contribute in the neural processes underlying drug-driven behaviors. DA is a potent modulator of NMDAR, but few studies have investigated the functional interaction between DA and NMDAR in the context of substance abuse. We combined the rat m
PMID 24472317

Myo-inositol trispyrophosphate-mediated hypoxia reversion controls pancreatic cancer in rodents and enhances gemcitabine efficacy.

Raykov Z1, Grekova SP, Bour G, Lehn JM, Giese NA, Nicolau C, Aprahamian M.Author information 1German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Institut National pour la Santé et la Recherche Médicale, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.AbstractHypoxia and dysfunctional tumor vessels represent a prominent feature of pancreatic cancer, being, at least in part, responsible for chemotherapy resistance and immune suppression in these tumors. We tested whether the increase of oxygen delivery induced in vivo by myo-inositol trispyrophosphate (ITPP) can reverse hypoxia, control tumor growth and improve chemotherapy response. Tumor size, metastatic development (microcomputed tomography scan follow-up) and the survival of rats and nude or NOD.SCID mice, (bearing syngenic rat and MiaPaCa2- or patient-derived pancreatic tumors), were determined on ITPP and/or gemcitabine treatment. Partial oxygen pressure, expression of angiogenic factors and tumor histology were evaluated. Infiltration and oxidative status of immune cells, as well as chemotherapy penetration in tumors, were determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, fluorometry, nitric oxide release assays, Western blot and confocal microscopy. Weekly intravenous ITPP application resulted in the inhibition of metastasis development and restricted primary tumor growth, showing a superior effect on the rats' survival compared with gemcitabine. ITPP treatment restored tumor normoxia and caused a reduction in hypoxia inducible factor-1α levels, with subsequent VEGF and Lox downregulation, resulting in improved vessel structure and decreased desmoplasia. The latter effects translated into elevated immune cells influx and improved susceptibility to gemcitabine treatment. Growth of human pancreatic tumor xenografts was strongly inhibited by administration of ITPP. ITPP exploits a two-stage mechanism causing rapid, early and sustainable late stage normoxia. This is due to the angiogenic factor modulation and vascular normalization, leading to enhanced chemotherapy delivery and synergistic life prolongation, on combination with low doses of gemcitabine.
International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer.Int J Cancer.2014 Jun 1;134(11):2572-82. doi: 10.1002/ijc.28597. Epub 2013 Nov 25.
Hypoxia and dysfunctional tumor vessels represent a prominent feature of pancreatic cancer, being, at least in part, responsible for chemotherapy resistance and immune suppression in these tumors. We tested whether the increase of oxygen delivery induced in vivo by myo-inositol trispyrophosphate (IT
PMID 24214898

Adaptive cognitive emotion regulation moderates the relationship between dysfunctional attitudes and depressive symptoms during a stressful life period: A prospective study.

Vanderhasselt MA1, Koster EH2, Onraedt T2, Bruyneel L2, Goubert L2, De Raedt R2.Author information 1Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium. Electronic address: MarieAnne.Vanderhasselt@Ugent.be.2Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.AbstractBACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Dysfunctional cognitions are known to emerge in stressful situations and are critical for the onset of depressive symptoms. The goal of this study is to investigate whether adaptive and/or maladaptive emotion regulation strategies moderate the relationship between dysfunctional attitudes and depressive symptoms under stress.
Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry.J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry.2014 Jun;45(2):291-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.01.003. Epub 2014 Feb 5.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Dysfunctional cognitions are known to emerge in stressful situations and are critical for the onset of depressive symptoms. The goal of this study is to investigate whether adaptive and/or maladaptive emotion regulation strategies moderate the relationship between dysfunct
PMID 24553342

Japanese Journal

小児の下部尿路症状における症状スコアの有用性

池田裕一,布山正貴,塚田大樹 [他]
日本小児科学会雑誌 = The journal of the Japan Pediatric Society 118(4), 645-652, 2014-04
NAID 40020067696

行政倫理システムの機能および逆機能 (松野了二先生退職記念号)

川瀨美穂
アドミニストレーション 20(2), 50-66, 2014-02
NAID 40020023056

Auditory processing disorders associated with a case of Kartagners syndrome

Saransh Jain,Mysore Vikas Dwarkanath
Intractable & Rare Diseases Research 3(1), 19-24, 2014
… Otitis media is seen in 95% of the individuals with this syndrome due to recurrent respiratory infections and dysfunctional cilia in the middle ear. …
NAID 130003397580

Impact of Amino Acid Substitutions in Two Functional Domains of Ku80: DNA-Damage-Sensing Ability of Ku80 and Survival after Irradiation

KOIKE Manabu,YUTOKU Yasutomo,KOIKE Aki
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 76(1), 51-56, 2014
… We found that the Ku70 (XRCC6)-binding-site mutations (A453H/V454H) of Ku80 and nuclear localization signal (NLS)-dysfunctional mutations (K565A/K566A/K568A) affected the ability to complement etoposide sensitivity. … We found that either or both amino acid substitutions in two functional domains of Ku80, i.e., Ku70-binding-site mutations (A453H/V454H) and NLS-dysfunctional mutations (K565A/K566A/K568A), affect the ability to complement radiosensitivity. …
NAID 130003362299