| Dilated cardiomyopathy |
| Classification and external resources |
|
Mouse heart slice showing dilated cardiomyopathy
DiseasesDB = 3066 |
| ICD-10 |
I42.0 |
| ICD-9 |
425.4 |
| OMIM |
212110 |
| MedlinePlus |
000168 |
| eMedicine |
med/289 emerg/80 ped/2502 |
| MeSH |
D002311 |
| GeneReviews |
- Dilated Cardiomyopathy Overview
- Dystrophinopathies
|
Dilated cardiomyopathy or DCM is a condition in which the heart becomes weakened and enlarged and cannot pump blood efficiently. The decreased heart function can affect the lungs, liver, and other body systems.
DCM is one of the cardiomyopathies, a group of diseases that primarily affect the myocardium (the muscle of the heart). Different cardiomyopathies have different causes and affect the heart in different ways. In DCM a portion of the myocardium is dilated, often without any obvious cause. Left or right ventricular systolic pump function of the heart is impaired, leading to progressive cardiac enlargement and hypertrophy, a process called remodeling.[1]
Dilated cardiomyopathy is the most common form of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy. It occurs more frequently in men than in women, and is most common between the ages of 20 and 60 years.[2] About one in three cases of congestive heart failure (CHF) is due to dilated cardiomyopathy.[1] Dilated cardiomyopathy also occurs in children.
|
Contents
- 1 Causes
- 2 Associated symptoms
- 3 Physical examination
- 4 Laboratory examinations
- 5 Computational Models of Eccentric Cardiac Growth
- 6 Treatment
- 6.1 Reverse remodeling
- 6.2 Alternative treatment
- 6.3 Dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs, cats and other pets
- 7 Popular Culture
- 8 References
- 9 External links
|
Causes
Although in many cases no cause (etiology) is apparent, dilated cardiomyopathy is probably the result of damage to the myocardium produced by a variety of toxic, metabolic, or infectious agents. It may be due to fibrous change of the myocardium from a previous myocardial infarction. Or, it may be the late sequelae of acute viral myocarditis, such as with Coxsackie B virus and other enteroviruses,[3] possibly mediated through an immunologic mechanism.[4] Autoimmune mechanisms are also suggested as a cause for dilated cardiomyopathy.[5]
It is important to take geography into account when considering aetiologies of any condition. In Latin America, Chagas disease due to Trypanosoma cruzi is the most common infectious cause of dilated cardiomyopathy [6]
Dilated cardiomyopathy can also be caused by alcohol abuse (Alcoholic cardiomyopathy), or other toxic exposure, although the cause-and-effect relationship with alcohol alone is debated.[3] Nonalcoholic toxic insults include administration of certain chemotherapeutic agents, particularly doxorubicin (Adriamycin), and cobalt.[3]
Other potential causes include thyroid disease, stimulant use, and chronic uncontrolled tachycardia. Many cases of dilated cardiomyopathy are described as idiopathic — meaning that the cause is unknown.
Recent studies have shown that those subjects who have an extremely high occurrence (several thousands a day) of premature ventricular contractions (extrasystole) can develop dilated cardiomyopathy. In these cases, if the extrasystole are reduced or removed (for example, via ablation therapy) the cardiomyopathy usually regresses.[7][8]
Dilated cardiomyopathy also occurs more frequently in pregnancy than in the normal population. It occurs late in gestation or several weeks to months postpartum as a peripartum cardiomyopathy.[3] It is reversible in half of cases.[3]
Genetics
About 25–35% of patients have familial forms of the disease,[3] with most mutations affecting genes encoding cytoskeletal proteins,[3] while some affect other proteins involved in contraction.[9] The disease is genetically heterogeneous, but the most common form of its transmission is an autosomal dominant pattern.[3] Autosomal recessive (as found, for example, in Alström syndrome[3]), X-linked (as in Duchenne muscular dystrophy), and mitochondrial inheritance of the disease is also found.[10] Some relatives of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy have preclinical, asymptomatic heart-muscle changes.[11] Other cytoskeletal proteins involved in DCM include α-cardiac actin, desmin, and the nuclear lamins A and C.[3] Mitochondrial deletions and mutations presumably cause DCM by altering myocardial ATP generation.[3]
Although the disease is more common in African-Americans than in Caucasians,[12] it may occur in any patient population.
Associations include:
| Type |
OMIM |
Gene |
Locus |
| CMD1A |
115200 |
LMNA |
1q21 |
| CMD1B |
600884 |
unknown (TMOD1 candidate) |
9q13 |
| CMD1C |
601493 |
LDB3 |
10q22-q23 |
| CMD1D |
601494 |
TNNT2 |
1q32 |
| CMD1E |
601154 |
SCN5A |
3p |
| CMD1F |
602067 |
|
6q23 |
| CMD1G |
604145 |
TTN |
2q31 |
| CMD1H |
604288 |
|
2q14-q22 |
| CMD1I |
604765 |
DES |
2q35 |
| CMD1J |
605362 |
EYA4 |
6q23-q24 |
| CMD1K |
605582 |
|
6q12-q16 |
| CMD1L |
606685 |
SGCD |
5q33 |
| CMD1M |
607482 |
CSRP3 |
11p15.1 |
| CMD1N |
607487 |
TCAP |
17q12 |
| CMD1O |
608569 |
ABCC9 |
12p12.1 |
| CMD1P |
609909 |
PLN |
6q22.1 |
| CMD1Q |
609915 |
|
7q22.3-q31.1 |
| CMD1R |
|
ACTC |
15q14 |
| CMD1S |
|
MYH7 |
14q12 |
| CMD1T |
|
TMPO |
12q22 |
| CMD1U |
|
PSEN1 |
14q24.3 |
| CMD1V |
|
PSEN2 |
1q31-q42 |
| CMD1W |
611407 |
VCL |
10q22-q23 |
| CMD1X |
|
FCMD |
9q31 |
| CMD1Y |
611878 |
TPM1 |
15q22.1 |
| CMD1Z |
611879 |
TNNC1 |
3p21.3-p14.3 |
| CMD1AA |
612158 |
ACTN2 |
1q42-q43 |
| CMD2A |
611880 |
TNNI3 |
19q13.4 |
| CMD3A |
300069 |
TAZ |
Xq28 |
| CMD3B |
302045 |
DMD |
Xp21.2 |
Associated symptoms
For many affected individuals, dilated cardiomyopathy is a condition which will not limit the quality of life. A minority, however, experience significant symptoms and there is sometimes a risk of sudden death. Evaluation by a cardiologist is recommended to confirm the diagnosis and to assess the outlook and particularly the risk of complications. In some patients, symptoms of left- and right-sided congestive heart failure develop gradually. Left ventricular dilatation may be present for months or even years before the patient becomes symptomatic.
Vague chest pain may be present, but typical angina pectoris is unusual and suggests the presence of ischemic heart disease as well. Syncope due to arrhythmias and systemic embolism may occur.
Physical examination
The patient may present variable degrees of cardiac enlargement, and findings of congestive heart failure. In advanced stages of the disease, the pulse pressure is narrowed and the jugular venous pressure is elevated. Third and fourth heart sounds are common. Mitral or tricuspid regurgitation may occur, presented by systolic murmurs upon auscultation (see mitral regurgitation and tricuspid insufficiency for more details about the findings).
Laboratory examinations
Generalized enlargement of the heart is seen upon normal chest X-ray. Pleural effusion may also be noticed, which is due to pulmonary venous hypertension.
Serial 12-lead ECGs from a 49-year-old black man with cardiomyopathy. (TOP): Sinus tachycardia (rate about 101/min) with LBBB accompanied by RAD (here about 108°). Frequent multifocal PVCs (both singly and in pairs) and left atrial enlargement. (BOTTOM): Same patient about 5 months later status-post orthotopic heart transplant.
The electrocardiogram often shows sinus tachycardia or atrial fibrillation, ventricular arrhythmias, left atrial enlargement, and sometimes intraventricular conduction defects and low voltage. When left bundle-branch block (LBBB) is accompanied by right axis deviation (RAD), the rare combination is considered to be highly suggestive of dilated or congestive cardiomyopathy. [13] [14] Echocardiogram shows left ventricular dilatation with normal or thinned walls and reduced ejection fraction. Cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography are often performed to exclude ischemic heart disease.
Computational Models of Eccentric Cardiac Growth
Cardiac dilation is a transversely isotropic, irreversible process resulting from excess strains on the myocardium.[15] A computation model of volumetric, isotropic, and cardiac wall growth predicts the relationship between cardiac strains (e.g. volume overload after myocardial infaction) and dilation using the following governing equations:
where is elastic volume stretch that is reversible and is irreversible, isotropic volume growth described by:
where is a vector, which points along a cardiomyocyte's long axis and is the cardiomyocyte stretch due to growth. The total cardiomyocyte growth is given by:
The above model reveals a gradual dilation of the myocardium, especially the ventricular myocardium, to support the blood volume overload in the chambers. Dilation manifests itself in an increase in total cardiac mass and cardiac diameter. Cardiomyocytes reach their maximum length of 150 m in the endocardium and 130 m in the epicardium by the addition of sarcomeres.[16] Due to the increase in diameter, the dilated heart appears spherical in shape, as opposed the elliptical shape of a healthy human heart. In addition, the ventricular walls maintain the same thickness, characteristic of pathophysiological cardiac dilation.
Treatment
Years ago the statistic was that the majority of patients, particularly those over 13 (if passed on genetically and has taken place earlier in life) and over 55 years of age, died within 3 years of the onset of symptoms (stage 5 of CHF) – and such figures can still be found in many textbooks.[citation needed] The situation has improved dramatically in recent years with drug therapy that can slow down progression and in some cases even improve the heart condition. Death is due to either congestive heart failure or ventricular tachy- or bradyarrhythmias.
Patients are given the standard therapy for heart failure, typically including salt restriction, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, diuretics, and digitalis. Anticoagulants may also be used. Alcohol should be avoided. Artificial pacemakers may be used in patients with intraventricular conduction delay, and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in those at risk of arrhythmia. These forms of treatment have been shown to improve symptoms and reduce hospitalization.
In patients with advanced disease who are refractory to medical therapy, heart transplantation may be considered.
Reverse remodeling
The progression of heart failure is associated with left ventricular remodeling, which manifests as gradual increases in left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, wall thinning, and a change in chamber geometry to a more spherical, less elongated shape. This process is usually associated with a continuous decline in ejection fraction. The concept of cardiac remodeling was initially developed to describe changes which occur in the days and months following myocardial infraction. It has been extended to cardiomyopathies of non-ischemic origin, such as idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy or chronic myocarditis, suggesting common mechanisms for the progression of cardiac dysfunction. Literally, reverse remodeling is the process of reversing the remodeling, or in other words,it is a process of a temporary or a permanent correction of the heart. A 2004 article gives a description of the current therapies that support reverse remodeling and suggests a new approach to the prognosis of cardiomyopathies.[17]
Alternative treatment
Alternative treatments are promoted by some, including food supplements Coenzyme Q10, L-Carnitine, Taurine and D-Ribose, and there is some evidence for the benefits of Coenzyme Q10 in treating heart failure.[18][19][20]
Dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs, cats and other pets
Dilated cardiomyopathy is a heritable disease in some dog breeds, including the Boxer, Dobermann, Great Dane, Irish Wolfhound and St Bernard.[21] Treatment is based on medication, including ACE inhibitors, loop diuretics and phosphodiesterase inhibitors.
Dilated cardiomyopathy is also a disease affecting some cat breeds, including the Oriental Shorthair, Burmese, Persian, and Abyssinian. As opposed to these hereditary forms, non-hereditary DCM used to be common in the overall cat population before the addition of taurine to commercial cat food.
There is also a high incidence of heritable dilated cardiomyopathy in captive Golden Hamsters (mesocricetus auratus), thanks in no small part to their being highly inbred. The incidence is high enough that several strains of Golden Hamster have been developed to serve as animal models in clinical testing for human forms of the disease.[22]
Popular Culture
In the video game, Trauma Team, during diagnosis, one patient gets diagnosed with Dilated cardiomyopathy.
References
- ^ a b Jameson JN, Kasper DL, Harrison TR, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL. (2005). Harrison's principles of internal medicine (16th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division. ISBN 0-07-140235-7. http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0071402357/information_center_view0/.
- ^ Robbins SL, Kumar V, Cotran RS (2003). Robbins basic pathology (7th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-9274-5.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Mitchell, Richard Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson. Robbins Basic Pathology (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2973-7.
- ^ Martino TA, Liu P, Sole MJ (February 1994). "Viral infection and the pathogenesis of dilated cardiomyopathy". Circ Res. 74 (2): 182–8. PMID 8293557.
- ^ San Martín MA, García A, Rodríguez FJ, Terol I (May 2002). "[Dilated cardiomyopathy and autoimmunity: an overview of current knowledge and perspectives"] (in Spanish; Castilian). Rev Esp Cardiol. 55 (5): 514–24. PMID 12015932. http://www.revespcardiol.org/cgi-bin/wdbcgi.exe/cardio/mrevista_cardio.pubmed_full?inctrl=05ZI0113&vol=55&num=5&pag=514.
- ^ http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular_disorders/cardiomyopathies/dilated_cardiomyopathy.html
- ^ Belhassen B (April 2005). "Radiofrequency ablation of “benign” right ventricular outflow tract extrasystoles: a therapy that has found its disease?". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 45 (8): 1266–8. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.01.028. PMID 15837260. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0735-1097(05)00234-2.
- ^ Shiraishi H, Ishibashi K, Urao N, et al. (November 2002). "A case of cardiomyopathy induced by premature ventricular complexes". Circ. J. 66 (11): 1065–7. PMID 12419942. http://joi.jlc.jst.go.jp/JST.JSTAGE/circj/66.1065?from=PubMed.
- ^ Ross J (March 2002). "Dilated cardiomyopathy: concepts derived from gene deficient and transgenic animal models". Circ J. 66 (3): 219–24. doi:10.1253/circj.66.219. PMID 11922267. http://joi.jlc.jst.go.jp/JST.JSTAGE/circj/66.219?from=PubMed.
- ^ Schönberger J, Seidman CE (August 2001). "Many roads lead to a broken heart: the genetics of dilated cardiomyopathy". Am J Hum Genet. 69 (2): 249–60. doi:10.1086/321978. PMC 1235300. PMID 11443548. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1235300/.
- ^ Mahon NG, Murphy RT, MacRae CA, Caforio AL, Elliott PM, McKenna WJ (July 2005). "Echocardiographic evaluation in asymptomatic relatives of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy reveals preclinical disease". Ann Intern Med. 143 (2): 108–15. PMID 16027452.
- ^ Coughlin SS, Labenberg JR, Tefft MC (March 1993). "Black-white differences in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: the Washington DC dilated Cardiomyopathy Study". Epidemiology 4 (2): 165–72. doi:10.1097/00001648-199303000-00013. PMID 8452906.
- ^ Nikolic G, Marriott HJ (Oct 1985). "Left bundle branch block with right axis deviation: a marker of congestive cardiomyopathy". J Electrocardiol 18 (4): 395–404. PMID 3906012.
- ^ Childers R, Lupovich S, Sochanski M, Konarzewska H. (2000). "Left bundle branch block and right axis deviation: a report of 36 cases". J Electrocardiol 33 (Suppl): 93–102. PMID 11265743.
- ^ Goektepe, Serdar; Abilez, Oscar John; Kuhl, Ellen (2010). "Generic approach towards finite growth with examples of athlete's heart, cardiac dilation, and cardiac wall thickening". Mechanics and Physics of Solids. doi:10.1016/j.jmps.2010.07.003.
- ^ Goektepe, Serdar; Abilez, Oscar John; Parker, K; Kuhl, Ellen (2010). "A multiscale model for eccentric and concentric cardiac growth through sarcomerogenesis.". Theoretical Biology. doi:10.1016/j.jmps.2010.07.003.
- ^ Pieske B (2004). "Reverse remodeling in heart failure – fact or fiction?". Eur Heart J Suppl. 6: D66–78. doi:10.1016/j.ehjsup.2004.05.019. http://eurheartjsupp.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/6/suppl_D/D66.
- ^ Langsjoen PH, Langsjoen PH, Folkers K (1990). "A six-year clinical study of therapy of cardiomyopathy with coenzyme Q10". Int J Tissue React. 12 (3): 169–71. PMID 2276895.
- ^ Folkers K, Langsjoen P, Langsjoen PH (January 1992). "Therapy with coenzyme Q10 of patients in heart failure who are eligible or ineligible for a transplant". Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 182 (1): 247–53. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(05)80137-8. PMID 1731784. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006-291X(05)80137-8.
- ^ Baggio E, Gandini R, Plancher AC, Passeri M, Carmosino G (1994). "Italian multicenter study on the safety and efficacy of coenzyme Q10 as adjunctive therapy in heart failure. CoQ10 Drug Surveillance Investigators". Mol Aspects Med. 15 (Suppl): s287–94. doi:10.1016/0098-2997(94)90040-X. PMID 7752841.
- ^ Oyama MA, Chittur S (July 2005). "Genomic expression patterns of cardiac tissues from dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy". Am J Vet Res. 66 (7): 1140–55. doi:10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.1140. PMID 16111151.
- ^ Nigro V, Okazaki Y, Belsito A, et al. (April 1997). "Identification of the Syrian hamster cardiomyopathy gene". Hum. Mol. Genet. 6 (4): 601–7. doi:10.1093/hmg/6.4.601. PMID 9097966. http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/content/6/4/601.fullhttp://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/content/6/4/601.full.
External links
- Cardiomyopathy Association: Dilated cardiomyopathy
- Children's Cardiomyopathy Foundation
- GeneReview/NIH/UW entry on Dilated Cardiomyopathy Overview
- GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Dystrophinopathies
- Dilated cardiomyopathy information for parents.
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Cardiovascular disease: heart disease · Circulatory system pathology (I00–I52, 390–429)
|
|
| Ischaemic |
|
CD/CHD
|
CAD · Coronary thrombosis · Coronary vasospasm · Coronary artery aneurysm · Coronary artery dissection · Myocardial Bridge
|
|
|
Active ischemia
|
Angina pectoris (Prinzmetal's angina, Stable angina) · Acute coronary (Unstable angina, Myocardial infarction / heart attack)
|
|
|
Sequelae
|
hours (Myocardial stunning, Hibernating myocardium) · days (Myocardial rupture) · weeks (Aneurysm of heart/Ventricular aneurysm, Dressler's syndrome)
|
|
|
| Layers |
|
Pericardium
|
Pericarditis (Acute, Chronic/Constrictive) · Pericardial effusion (Hemopericardium, Cardiac tamponade)
|
|
|
Myocardium
|
Myocarditis (Chagas disease)
Cardiomyopathy: Dilated (Alcoholic) · Hypertrophic · Restrictive (Loeffler endocarditis, Cardiac amyloidosis, Endocardial fibroelastosis)
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
|
|
|
Endocardium/
valves
|
|
Endocarditis
|
Infective endocarditis (Subacute bacterial endocarditis) · noninfective endocarditis (Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis, Libman-Sacks endocarditis)
|
|
|
Valves
|
mitral (regurgitation, prolapse, stenosis) · aortic (stenosis, insufficiency) · tricuspid (stenosis, insufficiency) · pulmonary (stenosis, insufficiency)
|
|
|
|
Conduction/
arrhythmia |
|
Bradycardia
|
Sinus bradycardia · Sick sinus syndrome
Heart block: Sinoatrial · AV (1°, 2°, 3°) · Intraventricular (Bundle branch/Right/Left, Left anterior fascicular/Left posterior fascicular, Bifascicular/Trifascicular) · Adams–Stokes syndrome
|
|
|
Tachycardia
(paroxysmal and sinus)
|
|
Supraventricular
|
Atrial (Multifocal) · Junctional (AV nodal reentrant, Junctional ectopic)
|
|
|
Ventricular
|
Torsades de pointes · Catecholaminergic polymorphic · Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
|
|
|
|
Premature contraction
|
Atrial · Ventricular
|
|
|
Pre-excitation syndrome
|
Wolff-Parkinson-White · Lown-Ganong-Levine
|
|
|
Flutter/fibrillation
|
Atrial flutter · Ventricular flutter · Atrial fibrillation (Familial) · Ventricular fibrillation
|
|
|
Pacemaker
|
Wandering pacemaker · Ectopic pacemaker/Ectopic beat · Parasystole · Multifocal atrial tachycardia · Pacemaker syndrome
|
|
|
Long QT syndrome
|
Romano-Ward syndrome · Andersen-Tawil syndrome · Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome
|
|
|
Cardiac arrest
|
Sudden cardiac death · Asystole · Pulseless electrical activity · Sinoatrial arrest
|
|
|
Other/ungrouped
|
hexaxial reference system (Right axis deviation, Left axis deviation) · QT (Short QT syndrome) · T (T wave alternans) · ST (Osborn wave, ST elevation, ST depression)
|
|
|
| Cardiomegaly |
Ventricular hypertrophy (Left, Right/Cor pulmonale) · Atrial enlargement (Left, Right)
|
|
| Other |
Cardiac fibrosis · Heart failure (Diastolic heart failure, Cardiac asthma) · Rheumatic fever
|
|
|
|
|
noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr
|
proc, drug (C1A/1B/1C/1D), blte
|
|
|
|
|
Cytoskeletal defects
|
|
| Microfilaments |
| Myofilament |
| Actin |
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 11
- Dilated cardiomyopathy 1AA
- DFNA20
- Nemaline myopathy 3
|
|
| Myosin |
- Elejalde syndrome
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 1, 8, 10
- Usher syndrome 1B
- Freeman–Sheldon syndrome
- DFN A3, 4, 11, 17, 22; B2, 30, 37, 48
- May-Hegglin anomaly
|
|
| Troponin |
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 7, 2
- Nemaline myopathy 4, 5
|
|
| Tropomyosin |
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 3
- Nemaline myopathy 1
|
|
| Titin |
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 9
|
|
|
| Other |
- Fibrillin
- Marfan syndrome
- Weill-Marchesani syndrome
- Filamin
- FG syndrome 2
- Boomerang dysplasia
- Larsen syndrome
- Terminal osseous dysplasia with pigmentary defects
|
|
|
| IF |
| 1/2 |
- Keratinopathy (keratosis, keratoderma, hyperkeratosis): KRT1
- Striate palmoplantar keratoderma 3
- Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis
- IHCM
- KRT2E (Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens)
- KRT3 (Meesmann juvenile epithelial corneal dystrophy)
- KRT4 (White sponge nevus)
- KRT5 (Epidermolysis bullosa simplex)
- KRT8 (Familial cirrhosis)
- KRT10 (Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis)
- KRT12 (Meesmann juvenile epithelial corneal dystrophy)
- KRT13 (White sponge nevus)
- KRT14 (Epidermolysis bullosa simplex)
- KRT17 (Steatocystoma multiplex)
- KRT18 (Familial cirrhosis)
- KRT81/KRT83/KRT86 (Monilethrix)
- Naegeli–Franceschetti–Jadassohn syndrome
- Reticular pigmented anomaly of the flexures
|
|
| 3 |
- Desmin: Desmin-related myofibrillar myopathy
- Dilated cardiomyopathy 1I
- Peripherin: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
|
|
| 4 |
- Neurofilament: Parkinson's disease
- Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease 1F, 2E
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
|
|
| 5 |
- Laminopathy: LMNA
- Mandibuloacral dysplasia
- Dunnigan Familial partial lipodystrophy
- Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 2
- Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 1B
- Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease 2B1
- LMNB
- Barraquer–Simons syndrome
- LEMD3
- Buschke–Ollendorff syndrome
- Osteopoikilosis
- LBR
- Pelger-Huet anomaly
- Hydrops-ectopic calcification-moth-eaten skeletal dysplasia
|
|
|
| Microtubules |
| Kinesin |
- Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease 2A
- Hereditary spastic paraplegia 10
|
|
| Dynein |
- Primary ciliary dyskinesia
- Short rib-polydactyly syndrome 3
- Asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia 3
|
|
| Other |
- Tauopathy
- Cavernous venous malformation
|
|
|
| Membrane |
- Spectrin: Spinocerebellar ataxia 5
- Hereditary spherocytosis 2, 3
- Hereditary elliptocytosis 2, 3
Ankyrin: Long QT syndrome 4
- Hereditary spherocytosis 1
|
|
| Catenin |
- APC
- Gardner's syndrome
- Familial adenomatous polyposis
- plakoglobin (Naxos syndrome)
- GAN (Giant axonal neuropathy)
|
|
| Other |
- desmoplakin: Striate palmoplantar keratoderma 2
- Carvajal syndrome
- Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia 8
- plectin: Epidermolysis bullosa simplex with muscular dystrophy
- Epidermolysis bullosa simplex of Ogna
- plakophilin: Skin fragility syndrome
- Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia 9
- centrosome: PCNT (Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II)
|
|
See also: cytoskeletal proteins
- B structural
- perx
- skel
- cili
- mito
- nucl
- sclr
- DNA/RNA/protein synthesis
- membrane
- transduction
- trfk
|
|
|
Genetic disorder, membrane: ABC-transporter disorders
|
|
| ABCA |
- ABCA1 (Tangier disease)
- ABCA3 (Surfactant metabolism dysfunction 3)
- ABCA4 (Stargardt disease 1, Retinitis pigmentosa 19)
- ABCA12 (Harlequin-type ichthyosis, Lamellar ichthyosis 2)
|
|
| ABCB |
- ABCB4 (Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis 3)
- ABCB7 (ASAT)
- ABCB11 (Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis 2)
|
|
| ABCC |
- ABCC2 (Dubin–Johnson syndrome)
- ABCC6 (Pseudoxanthoma elasticum)
- ABCC7 (Cystic fibrosis)
- ABCC8 (HHF1, TNDM2)
- ABCC9 (Dilated cardiomyopathy 1O)
|
|
| ABCD |
- ABCD1 (Adrenoleukodystrophy, Adrenomyeloneuropathy)
|
|
| ABCG |
- ABCG5 (Sitosterolemia)
- ABCG8 (Gallbladder disease 4, Sitosterolemia)
|
|
see also ABC transporters
- B structural
- perx
- skel
- cili
- mito
- nucl
- sclr
- DNA/RNA/protein synthesis
- membrane
- transduction
- trfk
|
|
