WordNet

a prolonged disorder of eating due to loss of appetite
suffering from anorexia nervosa; pathologically thin (同)anorectic
a person suffering from anorexia nervosa (同)anorectic
causing loss of appetite; "an anorectic (or anorexigenic) drug" (同)anorexigenic
make smaller; "He decreased his staff" (同)lessen, minify
a process of becoming smaller or shorter (同)decrement
decrease in size, extent, or range; "The amount of homework decreased towards the end of the semester"; "The cabin pressure fell dramatically"; "her weight fell to under a hundred pounds"; "his voice fell to a whisper" (同)diminish, lessen, fall
the amount by which something decreases (同)decrement
the act of decreasing or reducing something (同)diminution, reduction, step-down
a change downward; "there was a decrease in his temperature as the fever subsided"; "there was a sharp drop-off in sales" (同)lessening, drop-off
a feeling of craving something; "an appetite for life"; "the object of life is to satisfy as many appetencies as possible"- Granville Hicks (同)appetency, appetence
made less in size or amount or degree (同)reduced

PrepTutorEJDIC

(神経性の)食欲減退(不振)
…'を'『減らす』 / 『減る』,少なくなる / 〈U〉〈C〉(…の)『減少』,縮小《+『in』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(…の)減少量(額)《+『in』(『of』)+『名』》
『食欲』 / (…に対する)『欲求』,切望(desire)《+『for』+『名』》

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/06/15 17:02:42」(JST)

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Anorexia is the decreased sensation of appetite. While the term in non-scientific publications is often used interchangeably with anorexia nervosa, many possible causes exist for a decreased appetite, some of which may be harmless, while others indicate a serious clinical condition or pose a significant risk.

For example, anorexia of infection is part of the acute phase response (APR) to infection. The APR can be triggered by lipopolysaccharides and peptidoglycans from bacterial cell walls, bacterial DNA, double-stranded viral RNA, and viral glycoproteins, which can trigger production of a variety of proinflammatory cytokines. These can have an indirect effect on appetite by a number of means, including peripheral afferents from their sites of production in the body, by enhancing production of leptin from fat stores. Inflammatory cytokines can also signal to the central nervous system more directly by specialized transport mechanisms through the blood–brain barrier, via circumventricular organs (which are outside the barrier), or by triggering production of eicosanoids in the endothelial cells of the brain vasculature. Ultimately the control of appetite by this mechanism is thought to be mediated by the same factors normally controlling appetite, such as neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, histamine, norepinephrine, corticotropin releasing factor, neuropeptide Y, and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone).^[1]

Causes

Clinically important causes

Acute radiation syndrome
Acute viral hepatitis
Addison's disease
Atypical pneumonia (mycoplasma)
AIDS
Anorexia nervosa
Anxiety disorder
Appendicitis
Cancer
Chronic pain
Chronic kidney disease
Congestive heart failure, perhaps due to congestion of the liver with venous blood
Crohn's disease
Dehydration
Dementia
Drug addiction
Hypervitaminosis D
Metabolic disorders, particularly urea cycle disorders
Mood disorders and the moods which arise from them, both depression and mania
Sickness behavior^[2]^[3]
Superior mesenteric artery syndrome
Tuberculosis
Thalassemia
Ulcerative colitis
Zinc deficiency

Drugs

Amphetamine (Adderall), dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine & Dextrostat), lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse)
Antidepressants can have anorexia as a side effect
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Byetta, a Type II Diabetes drug, will cause moderate nausea and loss of appetite
Dexmethylphenidate (Focalin)
Abrupt cessation of appetite-increasing drugs, such as cannabis and corticosteroids
Methamphetamine (Desoxyn) (treatment of ADHD and narcolepsy)
Methylphenidate (Ritalin & Concerta)
Chemicals that are members of the phenethylamine group. (Individuals with anorexia nervosa may seek them to suppress appetite)
Stimulants such as caffeine, nicotine, and cocaine
Topiramate (Topamax) (as a side effect)
Other drugs may be used to intentionally cause anorexia in order to help a patient preoperative fasting prior to general anesthesia. It is important to avoid food before surgery to mitigate the risk of pulmonary aspiration, which can be fatal.
Opiates act upon the digestive system and can reduce the physical sensation of hunger in the same way that they reduce physical sensations of pain. They also frequently cause delayed gastric emptying (gastroparesis) and can sometimes lead to changes in metabolism with long-term use.

Other

During the post-operative recovery period for a tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy, it is common for adult patients to experience a lack of appetite until their throat significantly heals (usually between 10–14 days).^[4]
Altitude sickness
Significant emotional pain caused by an event (rather than a mental disorder) can cause an individual to temporarily lose all interest in food
Physical exercise

Complications

Sudden cardiac death

Anorexia is a relatively common condition that can lead patients to have dangerous electrolyte imbalances, leading to acquired long QT syndrome which can result in sudden cardiac death. This can develop over a prolonged period of time, and the risk is further heightened when feeding resumes after a period of abstaining from consumption. Care must be taken under such circumstances to avoid potentially fatal complications of refeeding syndrome.^[5]

References

^ Langhans W (October 2000). "Anorexia of infection: current prospects". Nutrition 16 (10): 996–1005. doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(00)00421-4. PMID 11054606.
^ Exton, M. S. (1997). "Infection-Induced Anorexia: Active Host Defence Strategy". Appetite 29 (3): 369–383. doi:10.1006/appe.1997.0116. PMID 9468766.
^ Murray, M. J.; Murray, A. B. (1979). "Anorexia of infection as a mechanism of host defense". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 32 (3): 593–596. PMID 283688.
^ Home Care After Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy
^ Jáuregui-Garrido, B; Jáuregui-Lobera, I (2012). "Sudden death in eating disorders.". Vascular health and risk management 8: 91–8. doi:10.2147/VHRM.S28652. PMC 3292410. PMID 22393299.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Sensory-specific satiety is intact in rats made obese on a high-fat high-sugar choice diet.

Myers KP1.
Appetite.Appetite.2017 May 1;112:196-200. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.01.013. Epub 2017 Jan 12.
PMID 28089926

Neuroendocrine signaling modulates specific neural networks relevant to migraine.

Martins-Oliveira M1, Akerman S2, Holland PR3, Hoffmann JR2, Tavares I4, Goadsby PJ5.
Neurobiology of disease.Neurobiol Dis.2017 May;101:16-26. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.01.005. Epub 2017 Jan 17.
PMID 28108291

Dairy products, satiety and food intake: A meta-analysis of clinical trials.

Onvani S1, Haghighatdoost F1, Surkan PJ2, Azadbakht L3.
Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland).Clin Nutr.2017 Apr;36(2):389-398. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.01.017. Epub 2016 Feb 13.
PMID 26923518