WordNet

causing loss of appetite; "an anorectic (or anorexigenic) drug" (同)anorexigenic
suffering from anorexia nervosa; pathologically thin (同)anorectic
a person suffering from anorexia nervosa (同)anorectic

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/05 10:15:32」(JST)

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An anorectic or anorexic (from the Greek an- = "without" and orexis = "appetite"), also known as anorexigenic, anorexiant, or appetite suppressant, is a dietary supplement and/or drug which reduces appetite, resulting in lower food consumption, leading to weight loss.^[1] By contrast, an appetite stimulant is referred to as orexigenic.

List of centrally acting anorectics

Numerous pharmaceutical compounds are marketed as appetite suppressants.

The following drugs listed as "centrally-acting antiobesity preparations" in the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System:^[2]

Phentermine
Diethylpropion
Rimonabant^† (cannabinoid antagonist selective for CB1. Withdrawn amidst concerns about psychiatric consequences of drug treatment)
Sibutramine^† (in some countries withdrawn from the market because of concerns regarding its cardiovascular effects)
Oxymetazoline (over-the-counter nasal decongestant)

The following are listed as appetite depressants by MeSH, an index of medical journal articles and books.^[3]

Benfluorex
Butenolide
Cathine
Diethylpropion
FG-7142
Phenmetrazine
Phentermine
Phenylpropanolamine
Pyroglutamyl-histidyl-glycine
Sibutramine

Other compounds with known appetite suppressant activity include:

Amphetamine (also known as amfetamine, US brand name of mixed amphetamine salts is Adderall)
Benzphetamine
Bupropion (Wellbutrin, formerly known as amfebutamone)—an atypical antidepressant
Bupropion/naltrexone (Contrave)
Dextroamphetamine (also known by its USAN)
Dexfenfluramine^† (the D-enantiomer of fenfluramine; withdrawn for the same reason as its racemate)
Dexmethylphenidate
Fenfluramine^† (one of the two components [the other being phentermine] of Fen-phen. Since discontinued to its potential for causing valvulopathies and pulmonary hypertension)
Glucagon
Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV)
Liraglutide (Saxenda)
Lorcaserin (Belviq)
Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (Vyvanse)
Methamphetamine (also known as methamfetamine, US brand name Desoxyn)
Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
Phendimetrazine
Phentermine/topiramate (Qsymia)
Phenethylamine
Topiramate (Topamax—an anticonvulsant medication with weight loss side effect)

Where † indicates drugs that have been since withdrawn from the market because of adverse effects.

List of peripherally acting anorectics

There is only one member in group—orlistat (Xenical).

Public health concerns

Epidemics of fatal pulmonary hypertension and heart valve damage associated with pharmaceutical anorectic agents have led to the withdrawal of products from the market. This was the case with aminorex in the 1960s, and again in the 1990s with fenfluramine (see: Fen-phen).^[4] Likewise, association of the related appetite suppressant phenylpropanolamine with hemorrhagic stroke led the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to request its withdrawal from the market in the United States in 2000, and similar concerns regarding ephedrine resulted in an FDA ban on its inclusion in dietary supplements, in 2004 (a Federal judge later overturned this ban in 2005 during a challenge by supplement maker Nutraceuticals). It is also debatable as to whether the ephedrine ban had more to do with its use as a precursor in methamphetamine manufacture rather than legitimate health concerns.

Non-pharmacological alternatives

Weight loss effects of water have been subject to some scientific research.^[5] Drinking water prior to each meal may help in appetite suppression. Consumption of 500 mL of water 30 minutes before meals has been correlated with modest weight loss (1–2 kg) in obese men ^[6] and women.^[7]

History

Used on a short-term basis clinically to treat obesity, some appetite suppressants are also available over-the-counter. Most common natural appetite suppressants are based on Hoodia, a genus of 13 species in the flowering plant family Apocynaceae, under the subfamily Asclepiadoideae. Several appetite suppressants are based on a mix of natural ingredients, mostly using green tea as its basis, in combination with other plant extracts such as fucoxanthin, found naturally in seaweed. Drugs of this class are frequently stimulants of the phenethylamine family, related to amphetamine (informally known as speed).

The German and Finnish^[8] militaries issued amphetamines to soldiers commonly to enhance warfare during the Second World War.^[9] Following the war, amphetamines were redirected for use on the civilian market. Indeed, amphetamine itself was sold commercially as an appetite suppressant until it was outlawed in most parts of the world in the late 1950s because of safety issues. Many amphetamines produce side effects, including addiction, tachycardia and hypertension,^[10] making prolonged unsupervised use dangerous.

References

^ Lemke, Thomas L.; Williams, David A. (2012). "Anorexiants as Pharmacologic Agents in the Management of Obesity". Foye's Medicinal Chemistry.
^ ATC/DDD Index
^ MeSH list of agents 82001067
^ Fishman AP. Aminorex to Fen/Phen: An Epidemic Foretold. Circulation 1999;99:156. Fulltext. PMID 9884392
^ "Pre-meal water consumption for weight loss". Australian Family Physician 42 (7): 478. 2013.
^ Dennis EA, Dengo AL, Comber DL, Flack KD, Savla J, Davy KP, Davy BM. "Water consumption increases weight loss during a hypocaloric diet intervention in middle-aged and older adults." Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010 Feb;18(2):300-7. [1] doi:10.1038/oby.2009.235. PMID 19661958
^ Vij VA, Joshi AS. "Effect of excessive water intake on body weight, body mass index, body fat, and appetite of overweight female participants." J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2014 Jul;5(2):340-4. [2]. doi:10.4103/0976-9668.136180 PMID 25097411
^ "Pervitiini". Retrieved 2011-01-05.
^ Andreas Ulrich, Andreas. "The Nazi Death Machine: Hitler's Drugged Soldiers - SPIEGEL ONLINE - News - International". Spiegel Online. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
^ Abenhaim L, Moride Y, Brenot F, Rich S, Benichou J, Kurz X, Higenbottam T, Oakley C, Wouters E, Aubier M, Simonneau G, Begaud B. Appetite-Suppressant Drugs and the Risk of Primary Pulmonary Hypertension. N Engl J Med 1996;335:609. Fulltext. doi:10.1056/NEJM199608293350901 PMID 8692238

External links

Questions and Answers about appetite suppressant medication treatment from the Medical College of Wisconsin
Anorectics at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Mitchell, Kari (January 1997). "Anorexiant Agents: Considerations for Use" (PDF). Drug Therapy Topics. University of Washington Medical Center. Retrieved 25 December 2013.

UpToDate Contents

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Effects of emotional acceptance and rumination on media-induced body dissatisfaction in anorexia and bulimia nervosa.

Naumann E1, Tuschen-Caffier B2, Voderholzer U3, Schäfer J4, Svaldi J5.
Journal of psychiatric research.J Psychiatr Res.2016 Nov;82:119-25. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.07.021. Epub 2016 Jul 25.
INTRODUCTION: Body dissatisfaction is an important risk and maintaining factor for eating disorders. The aim of the present study was to experimentally test the effects of two emotion regulation strategies - acceptance and rumination - on media-induced body dissatisfaction in eating disorders.METHOD
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An investigation of habit learning in Anorexia Nervosa.

Godier LR1, de Wit S2, Pinto A3, Steinglass JE4, Greene AL5, Scaife J6, Gillan CM7, Walsh BT4, Simpson HB4, Park RJ6.
Psychiatry research.Psychiatry Res.2016 Oct 30;244:214-22. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.07.051. Epub 2016 Jul 26.
Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is a disorder characterised by compulsive behaviour, such as self-starvation and excessive exercise, which develop in the pursuit of weight-loss. Recent theory suggests that once established, compulsive weight-loss behaviours in AN may become habitual. In two parallel studies,
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Predictors of outcomes in outpatients with anorexia nervosa - Results from the ANTOP study.

Wild B1, Friederich HC2, Zipfel S3, Resmark G3, Giel K3, Teufel M3, Schellberg D2, Löwe B4, de Zwaan M5, Zeeck A6, Herpertz S7, Burgmer M8, von Wietersheim J9, Tagay S10, Dinkel A11, Herzog W2.
Psychiatry research.Psychiatry Res.2016 Oct 30;244:45-50. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.07.002. Epub 2016 Jul 8.
This study aimed to determine predictors of BMI and recovery for outpatients with anorexia nervosa (AN). Patients were participants of the ANTOP (Anorexia Nervosa Treatment of Out-Patients) trial and randomized to focal psychodynamic therapy (FPT), enhanced cognitive behavior therapy (CBT-E), or opt
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Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CART) in the brain of zebra finch, Taeniopygia guttata: Organization, interaction with neuropeptide Y, and response to changes in energy status.

Singh O1, Kumar S1, Singh U1, Kumar V2, Lechan RM3,4, Singru PS1.
The Journal of comparative neurology.J Comp Neurol.2016 Oct 15;524(15):3014-41. doi: 10.1002/cne.24004. Epub 2016 Apr 18.
Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) has emerged as a potent anorectic agent. CART is widely distributed in the brain of mammals, amphibians, and teleosts, but the relevant information in avian brain is not available. In birds, CART inhibits food intake, whereas neuropeptide Y (NPY),
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Japanese Journal

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