- 関
- CRO
WordNet
- make smaller; "The heat contracted the woollen garment"
- be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness; "He got AIDS"; "She came down with pneumonia"; "She took a chill" (同)take, get
- a variety of bridge in which the bidder receives points toward game only for the number of tricks he bid (同)contract_bridge
- (contract bridge) the highest bid becomes the contract setting the number of tricks that the bidder must make (同)declaration
- a binding agreement between two or more persons that is enforceable by law
- enter into a contractual arrangement (同)undertake
- attempt to find out in a systematically and scientific manner; "The student researched the history of that word"
- systematic investigation to establish facts
- inquire into; "the students had to research the history of the Second World War for their history project"; "He searched for information on his relatives on the web"; "Scientists are exploring the nature of consciousness" (同)search, explore
- the act of organizing a business or an activity related to a business; "he was brought in to supervise the organization of a new department" (同)organisation
- the activity or result of distributing or disposing persons or things properly or methodically; "his organization of the work force was very efficient" (同)organisation
- an ordered manner; orderliness by virtue of being methodical and well organized; "his compulsive organization was not an endearing quality"; "we cant do it unless we establish some system around here" (同)organisation, system
- a group of people who work together (同)organisation
- reduced in size or pulled together; "the contracted pupils of her eyes"
PrepTutorEJDIC
- (売買,請負などの)『契約』,約定(agreement),請負 / 契約書 / …'を'『引き締める』,縮める / 〈よくない事・いやな事〉'を'『身に負う』 / …'を'契約する』,請け負う,約束する / 〈語・音節・句など〉'を'縮約する(do notをdon't, I haveをI'veとするなど) / 『縮む』,縮まる / (…を…と)契約する,請け負う《+『with』+『名』+『for』+『名』(do『ing』)》
- (新しい事実などの探究のための,特定の分野の)『研究』,『調査』《+『in』(『into』,『on』)+『名』》 / …‘を'研究する,調査する / (…を)研究する,調査する《+into(on)+名》
- 縮めた,収縮した / (語・音節などを)縮約した / (心・思想など)狭い,狭量な
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/01 09:49:41」(JST)
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- 1. 避妊の概要 overview of contraception
- 2. 頭頸部癌におけるQOL quality of life in head and neck cancer
- 3. 医療資源の限られた国での妊産婦死亡率の削減へのアプローチ approaches to reduction of maternal mortality in resource limited settings
- 4. 造血腫瘍の分類 classification of the hematopoietic neoplasms
- 5. ポリオワクチン poliovirus vaccination
English Journal
- Cytokine release assays: Current practices and future directions.
- Finco D1, Grimaldi C2, Fort M3, Walker M4, Kiessling A5, Wolf B5, Salcedo T6, Faggioni R7, Schneider A7, Ibraghimov A8, Scesney S8, Serna D8, Prell R9, Stebbings R10, Narayanan PK3.Author information 1Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA. Electronic address: Deborah.finco@pfizer.com.2Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA.3Discovery Toxicology, Amgen Inc., Seattle, WA, USA.4Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA.5Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.6Immunotoxicology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.7Clinical Pharmacology & DMPK, MedImmune, LLC, Hayward, CA, USA.8AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, USA.9Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA.10National Institute for Biological Standards & Control, Potters Bar, UK.AbstractAs a result of the CD28 superagonist biotherapeutic monoclonal antibody (TGN 1412) "cytokine storm" incident, cytokine release assays (CRA) have become hazard identification and prospective risk assessment tools for screening novel biotherapeutics directed against targets having a potential risk for eliciting adverse pro-inflammatory clinical infusion reactions. Different laboratories may have different strategies, assay formats, and approaches to the reporting, interpretation, and use of data for either decision making or risk assessment. Additionally, many independent contract research organizations (CROs), academic and government laboratories are involved in some aspect of CRA work. As a result, while some pharmaceutical companies are providing CRA data as part of the regulatory submissions when necessary, technical and regulatory practices are still evolving to provide data predictive of cytokine release in humans and that are relevant to safety. This manuscript provides an overview of different approaches employed by the pharmaceutical industry and CROs, for the use and application of CRA based upon a survey and post survey follow up conducted by ILSI-Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI) Immunotoxicology Committee CRA Working Group. Also discussed is ongoing research in the academic sector, the regulatory environment, current limitations of the assays, and future directions and recommendations for cytokine release assays.
- Cytokine.Cytokine.2014 Apr;66(2):143-155. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.12.009. Epub 2014 Jan 10.
- As a result of the CD28 superagonist biotherapeutic monoclonal antibody (TGN 1412) "cytokine storm" incident, cytokine release assays (CRA) have become hazard identification and prospective risk assessment tools for screening novel biotherapeutics directed against targets having a potential risk for
- PMID 24412476
- Preclinical imaging: an essential ally in modern biosciences.
- Cunha L1, Horvath I, Ferreira S, Lemos J, Costa P, Vieira D, Veres DS, Szigeti K, Summavielle T, Máthé D, Metello LF.Author information 1Nuclear Medicine Department, High Institute for Allied Health Technologies, Polytechnic Institute of Porto (ESTSP.IPP), 4400-330, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal.AbstractTranslational research is changing the practice of modern medicine and the way in which health problems are approached and solved. The use of small-animal models in basic and preclinical sciences is a major keystone for these kinds of research and development strategies, representing a bridge between discoveries at the molecular level and clinical implementation in diagnostics and/or therapeutics. The development of high-resolution in vivo imaging technologies provides a unique opportunity for studying disease in real time, in a quantitative way, at the molecular level, along with the ability to repeatedly and non-invasively monitor disease progression or response to treatment. The greatest advantages of preclinical imaging techniques include the reduction of biological variability and the opportunity to acquire, in continuity, an impressive amount of unique information (without interfering with the biological process under study) in distinct forms, repeated or modulated as needed, along with the substantial reduction in the number of animals required for a particular study, fully complying with 3R (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement) policies. The most suitable modalities for small-animal in vivo imaging applications are based on nuclear medicine techniques (essentially, positron emission tomography [PET] and single photon emission computed tomography [SPECT]), optical imaging (OI), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging (MRSI), and ultrasound. Each modality has intrinsic advantages and limitations. More recently, aiming to overcome the inherent limitations of each imaging modality, multimodality devices designed to provide complementary information upon the pathophysiological process under study have gained popularity. The combination of high-resolution modalities, like micro-CT or micro-MRI, with highly sensitive techniques providing functional information, such as micro-PET or micro-SPECT, will continue to broaden the horizons of research in such key areas as infection, oncology, cardiology, and neurology, contributing not only to the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of disease, but also providing efficient and unique tools for evaluating new chemical entities and candidate drugs. The added value of small-animal imaging techniques has driven their increasing use by pharmaceutical companies, contract research organizations, and research institutions.
- Molecular diagnosis & therapy.Mol Diagn Ther.2014 Apr;18(2):153-73. doi: 10.1007/s40291-013-0062-3.
- Translational research is changing the practice of modern medicine and the way in which health problems are approached and solved. The use of small-animal models in basic and preclinical sciences is a major keystone for these kinds of research and development strategies, representing a bridge betwee
- PMID 24146172
- Androgens in pregnancy: roles in parturition.
- Makieva S1, Saunders PT, Norman JE.Author information 1Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom and.AbstractBACKGROUNDUnderstanding the physiology of pregnancy enables effective management of pregnancy complications that could otherwise be life threatening for both mother and fetus. A functional uterus (i) retains the fetus in utero during pregnancy without initiating stretch-induced contractions and (ii) is able to dilate the cervix and contract the myometrium at term to deliver the fetus. The onset of labour is associated with successful cervical remodelling and contraction of myometrium, arising from concomitant activation of uterine immune and endocrine systems. A large body of evidence suggests that actions of local steroid hormones may drive changes occurring in the uterine microenvironment at term. Although there have been a number of studies considering the potential role(s) played by progesterone and estrogen at the time of parturition, the bio-availability and effects of androgens during pregnancy have received less scrutiny. The aim of this review is to highlight potential roles of androgens in the biology of pregnancy and parturition.METHODSA review of published literature was performed to address (i) androgen concentrations, including biosynthesis and clearance, in maternal and fetal compartments throughout gestation, (ii) associations of androgen concentrations with adverse pregnancy outcomes, (iii) the role of androgens in the physiology of cervical remodelling and finally (iv) the role of androgens in the physiology of myometrial function including any impact on contractility.RESULTSSome, but not all, androgens increase throughout gestation in maternal circulation. The effects of this increase are not fully understood; however, evidence suggests that increased androgens might regulate key processes during pregnancy and parturition. For example, androgens are believed to be critical for cervical remodelling at term, in particular cervical ripening, via regulation of cervical collagen fibril organization. Additionally, a number of studies highlight potential roles for androgens in myometrial relaxation via non-genomic, AR-independent pathways critical for the pregnancy reaching term. Understanding of the molecular events leading to myometrial relaxation is an important step towards development of novel targeted tocolytic drugs.CONCLUSIONSThe increase in androgen levels throughout gestation is likely to be important for establishment and maintenance of pregnancy and initiation of parturition. Further investigation of the underlying mechanisms of androgen action on cervical remodelling and myometrial contractility is needed. The insights gained may facilitate the development of new therapeutic approaches to manage pregnancy complications such as preterm birth.
- Human reproduction update.Hum Reprod Update.2014 Mar 18. [Epub ahead of print]
- BACKGROUNDUnderstanding the physiology of pregnancy enables effective management of pregnancy complications that could otherwise be life threatening for both mother and fetus. A functional uterus (i) retains the fetus in utero during pregnancy without initiating stretch-induced contractions and (ii)
- PMID 24643344
Japanese Journal
- The Incidence of Lymphoplasmacytic Gastritis in the Fundus and Antrum of Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis) Stomachs
- McKeag Sean,McInnes Elizabeth F.
- Journal of Toxicologic Pathology 25(4), 249-256, 2012
- … This paper discusses the incidence of lymphoplasmacytic gastritis in cynomolgus monkeys at a contract research organization. …
- NAID 130002499151
- CROとSMO
- 松阪 諭
- Drug delivery system 25(6), 615-616, 2010-11-25
- NAID 10027642966
- 地域BCPの概要と課題(<特集>事業継続計画(BCP)とテレワーク)
- 通堂 重則
- 日本テレワーク学会誌 8(2), 37-41, 2010-10-01
- 中小企業は、ヒト・モノ・カネというリソースが不足しており、十分な事業継続計画(BCP)を単独で策定、実行することは困難である。特に、生産設備を持っている製造業ではその困難性が高い。そのため、企業間で連携し、代替生産や生産補完、相互応援体制を整えることにより、早期の事業再開、事業継続を行うことが重要であり、産業集積地域、あるいは一定の地理的区域における複数企業による協調的なBCP(地域BCP)が求め …
- NAID 110007811803
Related Links
- 4 7 CROの定義 開発業務受託機関 医薬品開発段階での臨床試験（治験）、医 薬品の市販後臨床試験などに関わる業務 の一部を代行、支援する企業。Contract Research Organization いわゆる医薬品開発業務の アウトソーシング企業 8
- CRO（Contract Research Organization）とは、医薬品開発業務受託機関（もしくは受託臨床試験実施機関）のことです。 製薬メーカーが行う医薬品開発に関する様々な業務を受託する機関であり、受託する内容としては、大きく分けて以下の ...
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
| リンク元 | 「CRO」「医薬品開発業務受託機関」 |
| 関連記事 | 「research」「organization」「contract」 |
「CRO」
「医薬品開発業務受託機関」
「research」
- n.
- v.
- 研究する
- 関
- examine、exploration、explore、inquire、inquiry、investigate、investigation、investigational、investigative、laboratory research、probing、research activity、research and development、research priority、research technique、scan、study、summary report、surveillance、survey、work
「organization」
- n.
- 関
- composition、constitution、formation、histo、histologic、histological、machinery、mechanism、mechanistic、orchestrate、organisation、organise、organizational、organize、organized、tissue
「contract」
- v.
- 収縮する、契約する
- the loss of fluid by vomiting leads to a contracted plasma volume with consequent secondary hyperaldosteronism to conserve sodium and water.
- n.
- 契約