WordNet

cut the surface of; wear away the surface of (同)scrape, scratch up
an indication of damage (同)scrape, scar, mark
(golf) a handicap of zero strokes; "a golfer who plays at scratch should be able to achieve par on a course"
a competitor who has withdrawn from competition
carve, cut, or etch into a material or surface; "engrave a pen"; "engraved the trophy cupt with the winners"; "the lovers scratched their names into the bark of the tree" (同)engrave, grave, inscribe
an impairment of health or a condition of abnormal functioning
beat with a cat-o-nine-tails
feline mammal usually having thick soft fur and no ability to roar: domestic cats; wildcats (同)true cat
a spiteful woman gossip; "what a cat she is!"
caused by or altered by or manifesting disease or pathology; "diseased tonsils"; "a morbid growth"; "pathologic tissue"; "pathological bodily processes" (同)morbid, pathologic, pathological

PrepTutorEJDIC

(つめなど,とがった物で)…‘を'『ひっかく』,‘に'ひっかき傷をつける / 〈かゆいところ〉‘を'かく / …‘に'かゆみを感じさせる / (線で消したりして)(…から)〈名前など〉‘を'削除する《+『out』(『off』)+『名』+『from』(『off』)+『名』》 / (ひっかいたり,刻んだりして)…‘を'書く,描く / …‘を'走り書きする / (競争・レースなどから)…の参加を取り消す / (つめなどで)『ひっかく』;ひっかきまわす《+『about』》 / (…を)ひっかいてガリガリ音をたてる《+『at』(『on』)+『名』》 / かき傷(跡)がつく / (競技への)出場を取り止める;手を引く / 『かき傷』,かすり傷 / ひっかく音,こする音,ガリガリいう音 / 走り書き用の / 《話》かき集めた
(体の)『病気』,疾患 / (精神・道徳などの)病気,病弊
女性の話術芸人 =diseur
『猫』;(ライオン,トラ,ヒョウなどの)ネコ科の動物
clear air turbulence晴天乱流
病気にかかった / 病的な,不健全な(morbid)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/07/22 23:18:27」(JST)

wiki en

Cat scratch disease (CSD), also known as cat scratch fever,^[1] Teeny's Disease,^[1] inoculation lymphoreticulosis,^[1] and subacute regional lymphadenitis,^[1] is a common and usually benign infectious disease caused by the fastidious^[2] intracellular gram negative bacterium Bartonella henselae or Bartonella quintana.^[3]^[4] It is most commonly found in children following a scratch or bite from a cat^[3] within about one to two weeks.

Signs and symptoms

Cat scratch disease commonly presents as tender, swollen lymph nodes near the site of the inoculating bite or scratch or on the neck and is usually limited to one side. This condition is referred to as regional lymphadenopathy and occurs 1–3 weeks after inoculation.^[2] Lymphadenopathy in CSD most commonly occurs in the arms, neck, or jaw, but may also occur near the groin or around the ear.^[3] There may be a vesicle or an erythematous papule at the site of initial infection.^[3] Most patients also develop systemic symptoms such as malaise, decreased appetite, and aches.^[3] Other associated complaints include headache, chills, muscular pains, joint pains, arthritis, backache and abdominal pain. It may take 7 to 14 days, or as long as two months, before symptoms appear. Most cases are benign and self-limiting, but lymphadenopathy may persist for several months after other symptoms disappear.^[3] The disease usually resolves spontaneously, with or without treatment, in one month.

In rare situations, Cat scratch disease can lead to the development of serious neurologic or cardiac sequelae such as meningoencephalitis, encephalopathy, seizures, or endocarditis.^[3] Endocarditis associated with bartonella infection has a particularly high mortality.^[2] Parinaud's oculoglandular syndrome is the most common ocular manifestation of Cat scratch disease^[3] and is a granulomatous conjunctivitis with concurrent swelling of the lymph node near the ear.^[5] Optic neuritis may also occur.^[3]

Immunocompromised patients are susceptible to other conditions associated with Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana such as bacillary angiomatosis or bacillary peliosis.^[3] Bacillary angiomatosis is primarily a vascular skin lesion that may extend to bone or be present in other areas of the body. In the typical scenario, the patient has HIV or another cause of severe immune dysfunction. Bacillary peliosis is a condition caused by B. Henselae that most-often affects patients with HIV and other conditions causing severe immune compromise. The liver and spleen are primarily affected, with findings of blood-filled cystic spaces on pathology.^[6]

Diagnosis

The Warthin–Starry stain can be helpful to show the presence of B. henselae, but is often difficult to interpret. B. Henselae is difficult to culture and can take 2–6 weeks to incubate.^[2] The best diagnostic method currently available is Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which has a sensitivity of 43-76% and a specificity (in one study) of 100%.^[2]

Transmission

The cat was recognized as the natural reservoir of the disease in 1950 by Robert Debré.^[2]

Kittens are more likely to carry the bacteria in their blood, and may therefore be more likely to transmit the disease than adult cats. However, the results of experimental studies showed that fleas serve as a vector for transmission of B. henselae among cats,^[2] and that viable B. henselae are excreted in the feces of Ctenocephalides felis, the cat flea.^[7] Another study showed that cats could be infected with B. henselae through intradermal inoculation using flea feces containing B. henselae.^[8] As a consequence, it is believed that a likely means of transmission of B. henselae from cats to humans may be inoculation with flea feces containing B. henselae through a contaminated cat scratch wound or by cat saliva transmitted in a bite.^[2] Ticks can also act as vectors and occasionally transmit the bacteria to humans.^[3]

Histology

High magnification micrograph of cat scratch disease showing a granuloma (pale cells - right of center on image) and a microabscess with neutrophils (left of image). H&E stain.

Cat scratch disease is characterized by granulomatous inflammation on histological examination of the lymph nodes. Under the microscope, the skin lesion demonstrates a circumscribed focus of necrosis, surround by histiocytes, often accompanied by multinucleated giant cells, lymphocytes, and eosinophils. The regional lymph nodes demonstrate follicular hyperplasia with central stellate necrosis with neutrophils, surrounded by palisading histiocytes (suppurative granulomas) and sinuses packed with monocytoid B cells, usually without perifollicular and intrafollicular epithelioid cells. This pattern although typical is only present in a minority of cases.^[9]

Treatment

Most healthy people will clear the infection without treatment, and antimicrobial therapy is not recommended for immunocompetent patients with mild to moderate Bartonella henselae disease due to the risk of side-effects from antibiotics.^[3] Azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, gentamicin, rifampicin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole have been used, but have demonstrated limited efficacy.^[2]^[3]

Azithromycin is preferentially used in pregnancy to avoid the teratogenic side-effects of doxycycline.^[10] However, doxycycline is preferred to treat B. henselae infections with optic neuritis due to doxycycline's ability to adequately penetrate the tissues of the eye and central nervous system.^[2]

Epidemiology

Bartonella henselae is found worldwide and cat scratch disease has been observed in many countries. The incidence of CSD appears to have a seasonal relationship possibly due to the mating behavior of the cat flea during certain times of the year.^[2]

History

Symptoms similar to Cat scratch disease were first described by Henri Parinaud in 1889 and the clinical syndrome was first described in 1950 by Robert Debré.^[2]^[4] In 1983, the Warthin-Starry silver stain was used to discover a gram negative bacillus which was named Afipia felis in 1991 after it was successfully cultured and isolated. The causative organism of CSD was originally believed to be Afipia felis, but this was disproved by immunological studies in the 1990s demonstrating that cat scratch fever patients developed antibodies to two other organisms, Bartonella henselae (originally known as Rochalimea henselae before the genera Bartonella and Rochalimea were combined) and Bartonella clarridgeiae, which are rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria.^[2]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 1-4160-2999-0.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Florin TA, Zaoutis TE, Zaoutis LB (2008). "Beyond cat scratch disease: widening spectrum of Bartonella henselae infection". Pediatrics 121 (5): e1413–25. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-1897. PMID 18443019.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Klotz SA, Ianas V, Elliott SP (January 2011). "Cat-scratch Disease". Am Fam Physician 83 (2): 152–5. PMID 21243990.
^ ^a ^b Asano S (2012). "Granulomatous lymphadenitis". J Clin Exp Hematop 52 (1): 1–16. doi:10.3960/jslrt.52.1. PMID 22706525.
^ "Catscratch disease: Clinical presentations". Emedicine. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
^ Perkocha LA, Geaghan SM, Yen TS et al. (December 1990). "Clinical and pathological features of bacillary peliosis hepatis in association with human immunodeficiency virus infection". N. Engl. J. Med. 323 (23): 1581–6. doi:10.1056/NEJM199012063232302. PMID 2233946.
^ Higgins JA, Radulovic S, Jaworski DC, Azad AF (May 1996). "Acquisition of the cat scratch disease agent Bartonella henselae by cat fleas (Siphonaptera:Pulicidae)". J. Med. Entomol. 33 (3): 490–5. PMID 8667399.
^ Foil L, Andress E, Freeland RL et al. (September 1998). "Experimental infection of domestic cats with Bartonella henselae by inoculation of Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) feces". J. Med. Entomol. 35 (5): 625–8. PMID 9775583.
^ Nunes Rosado, Flavia G.; Stratton, Charles W.; Mosse, Claudio A. (2011). "Clinicopathologic Correlation of Epidemiologic and Histopathologic Features of Pediatric Bacterial Lymphadenitis". Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 135 (11): 1490–3. doi:10.5858/arpa.2010-0581-OA. PMID 22032579.
^ "Catscratch disease: Treatment and management". E-medicine. Retrieved 11 September 2012.

External links

CDC information
DermNet bacterial/catscratch
Cat Scratch Disease on National Organization for Rare Disorders site
Cat Scratch Fever Disease

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. ネコ引っかき病の治療 treatment of cat scratch disease
2. ネコ引っかき病の微生物学、疫学、臨床症状、および診断 microbiology epidemiology clinical manifestations and diagnosis of cat scratch disease
3. Approach to the adult with lymphocytosis or lymphocytopenia
4. 小児における頸部リンパ節炎：診断的アプローチおよび初期マネージメント cervical lymphadenitis in children diagnostic approach and initial management
5. Approach to the child with lymphocytosis or lymphocytopenia

English Journal

Bartonella henselae trimeric autotransporter adhesin BadA expression interferes with effector translocation by the VirB/D4 type IV secretion system.

Lu YY, Franz B, Truttmann MC, Riess T, Gay-Fraret J, Faustmann M, Kempf VA, Dehio C.SourceFocal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum of the University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland.
Cellular microbiology.Cell Microbiol.2013 May;15(5):759-78. doi: 10.1111/cmi.12070. Epub 2012 Dec 6.
The Gram-negative, zoonotic pathogen Bartonella henselae is the aetiological agent of cat scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis and peliosis hepatis in humans. Two pathogenicity factors of B. henselae - each displaying multiple functions in host cell interaction - have been characterized in grea
PMID 23163798

Septic implantation syndrome in dogs and cats: a distinct pattern of endophthalmitis with lenticular abscess.

Bell CM, Pot SA, Dubielzig RR.SourceDepartment of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive 53706, Madison, WI, USA Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
Veterinary ophthalmology.Vet Ophthalmol.2013 May;16(3):180-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2012.01046.x. Epub 2012 Jul 19.
Objective To summarize the clinical and pathologic findings in a group of dogs and cats with progressive clinical ocular disease, which were diagnosed with suppurative endophthalmitis and lens capsule rupture. Animals studied Twenty cats and forty-six dogs that underwent unilateral enucleation
PMID 22812929

Treatment outcomes of human bartonellosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Prutsky G, Domecq JP, Mori L, Bebko S, Matzumura M, Sabbouni A, Shahrour A, Erwin PJ, Boyce TG, Montori VM, Malaga G, Murad MH.SourceKnowledge and Evaluation Research Unit (KER), Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Unidad de Conocimiento y Evidencia (CONEVID), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru. Electronic address: prutskylopez.gabriela@mayo.edu.
International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases.Int J Infect Dis.2013 Apr 17. pii: S1201-9712(13)00107-0. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2013.02.016. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: Bartonella henselae, Bartonella quintana, and Bartonella bacilliformis are responsible for the majority of cases of bartonellosis in humans. These species have various unique epidemiologic characteristics, clinical manifestations, and treatment approaches. The objective of this study was
PMID 23602630

Japanese Journal

症例報告 Bartonella henselae血清抗体検査で確定診断したネコひっかき病の親子例

斎藤奈津子,川上千佳,椋本祥子 [他]
臨床皮膚科 = Japanese journal of clinical dermatology 69(8), 609-612, 2015-07
NAID 40020521760

臨床研究・症例報告脾臓の超音波画像所見が診断の契機になった肝臓脾臓型猫ひっかき病の2例

山岸裕和,長嶋雅子,森本哲 [他]
小児科臨床 68(2), 275-280, 2015-02
NAID 40020328547

全腹腔鏡下子宮全摘出術時の骨盤リンパ節生検で確定診断を得た悪性リンパ腫の1例

永井康一,片山佳代,中村祐子,清水麻衣子,下向麻由,松崎結花里,石寺由美,大井由佳,安藤紀子,茂田博行,吉田浩
日本産科婦人科内視鏡学会雑誌 30(2), 459-463, 2015
… Because she refused a lymph node biopsy, antibiotics were given under the presumptive diagnosis of cat scratch disease. …
NAID 130005066509

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ネコひっかき病」「CSD」
関連記事	「disease」「CAT」「cat」「c」

「ネコひっかき病」

Cat scratch disease
	Classification and external resources
	Micrograph of a lymph node affected by cat scratch disease. H&E stain.
ICD-10	A28.1
ICD-9	078.3
DiseasesDB	2173
MedlinePlus	001614
eMedicine	emerg/84
MeSH	D002372

　　[★]

英: cat-scratch disease, cat scratch disease, CSD
同: 良性リンパ細網症 lymphoreticulosis benigna、非細菌性局所性リンパ節炎 aseptic localized lymphadenitis、猫ひっかき病
関: 星状膿瘍

人獣共通感染症

「CSD」

　　[★]

「disease」

　　[★]

n.

疾患：illnessより厳密な概念。「ある臓器に明確な障害が確認され、それによって症状が出ているとはっきり説明できる場合」 (PSY.9)

特定の原因、病態生理、症状、経過、予後、病理組織所見が全てそろった場合 (PSY.9)

something that is very wrong with people's attitudes, way of life or with society.

関: ail、ailment、disease entity、disorder、ill、illness、malady、sick、sickness

注意

disease ≠ illness ≠ disorder

「CAT」

　　[★]

「cat」

　　[★]

n.

(食肉類の動物)ネコ

関: domestic cat、Felidae、feline、Felis、Felis catus、ocelot

linux

1. ファイル内容表示(windows -> type)
2. splitで分割したファイルの結合

cat sophos1.* > newfile.png

関: cats, toxoplasmosis

「c」

　　[★]

光速, speed of light

[Bolognia-1] Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 1-4160-2999-0.

[Florin2008-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Florin TA, Zaoutis TE, Zaoutis LB (2008). "Beyond cat scratch disease: widening spectrum of Bartonella henselae infection". Pediatrics 121 (5): e1413–25. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-1897. PMID 18443019.

[Klotz2011-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Klotz SA, Ianas V, Elliott SP (January 2011). "Cat-scratch Disease". Am Fam Physician 83 (2): 152–5. PMID 21243990.

[Asano2012-4] Asano S (2012). "Granulomatous lymphadenitis". J Clin Exp Hematop 52 (1): 1–16. doi:10.3960/jslrt.52.1. PMID 22706525.

[5] "Catscratch disease: Clinical presentations". Emedicine. Retrieved 11 September 2012.

[6] Perkocha LA, Geaghan SM, Yen TS et al. (December 1990). "Clinical and pathological features of bacillary peliosis hepatis in association with human immunodeficiency virus infection". N. Engl. J. Med. 323 (23): 1581–6. doi:10.1056/NEJM199012063232302. PMID 2233946.

[7] Higgins JA, Radulovic S, Jaworski DC, Azad AF (May 1996). "Acquisition of the cat scratch disease agent Bartonella henselae by cat fleas (Siphonaptera:Pulicidae)". J. Med. Entomol. 33 (3): 490–5. PMID 8667399.

[8] Foil L, Andress E, Freeland RL et al. (September 1998). "Experimental infection of domestic cats with Bartonella henselae by inoculation of Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) feces". J. Med. Entomol. 35 (5): 625–8. PMID 9775583.

[9] Nunes Rosado, Flavia G.; Stratton, Charles W.; Mosse, Claudio A. (2011). "Clinicopathologic Correlation of Epidemiologic and Histopathologic Features of Pediatric Bacterial Lymphadenitis". Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 135 (11): 1490–3. doi:10.5858/arpa.2010-0581-OA. PMID 22032579.

[emed-10] "Catscratch disease: Treatment and management". E-medicine. Retrieved 11 September 2012.

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案内

cat scratch disease