WordNet
- mark with a scar; "The skin disease scarred his face permanently" (同)mark, pock, pit
- a mark left (usually on the skin) by the healing of injured tissue (同)cicatrix, cicatrice
- type genus of the family Ascaridae: roundworms with a three-lipped mouth (同)genus Ascaris
PrepTutorEJDIC
- (皮膚の)『傷跡』;(物の表面の)傷跡 / 心の傷跡,痛手;(名誉などを傷つける)汚点 / (植物の茎などに残る)葉印,葉痕(ようこん) / …‘に'傷跡を残す / 〈傷などが〉傷跡を残す《+『over』》
- 瘢痕(はんこん)(傷を修復して再生した新しい組織)
- カリエス(骨・歯などの組織の崩れ)
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/10/22 05:39:40」(JST)
wiki en
This article is about scar tissue. For other uses, see Scar (disambiguation).
"Scarring" redirects here. For the act of inflicting scars, see Scarification.
"Scarred" redirects here. For other uses, see Scarred (disambiguation).
"Scars" redirects here. For the 1998 video game, see S.C.A.R.S. (video game).
| It has been suggested that Subcision be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since April 2011. |
| Scar | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
A minor scar from a cut to the forearm, approx. one year since the wound.
|
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| ICD-10 | L90.5 |
| MeSH | D002921 |
Scars are areas of fibrous tissue (fibrosis) that replace normal skin after injury. A scar results from the biological process of wound repair in the skin and other tissues of the body. Thus, scarring is a natural part of the healing process. With the exception of very minor lesions, every wound (e.g. after accident, disease, or surgery) results in some degree of scarring. An exception to this is animals with regeneration, which do not form scars and the tissue will grow back exactly as before.
Scar tissue is exactly the same protein (collagen)[1] as the tissue that it replaces,[1] but the fiber composition of the protein is different;[1] instead of a random basketweave formation of the collagen fibers found in normal tissue,[1] in fibrosis the collagen cross-links and forms a pronounced alignment in a single direction.[1] This collagen scar tissue alignment is usually of inferior functional quality to the normal collagen randomised alignment. For example, scars in the skin are less resistant to ultraviolet radiation, and sweat glands and hair follicles do not grow back within scar tissues.[2] A myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, causes scar formation in the heart muscle, which leads to loss of muscular power and possibly heart failure. However, there are some tissues (e.g. bone) that can heal without any structural or functional deterioration.
Heart bypass patient with almost invisible residual scarring
Contents
- 1 Etymology
- 2 Types
- 2.1 Hypertrophic
- 2.1.1 Keloid
- 2.2 Atrophic
- 2.3 Stretch marks
- 2.1 Hypertrophic
- 3 Pathophysiology
- 4 Treatments
- 4.1 Collagen Induction Therapy
- 4.2 Chemical peels
- 4.3 Filler injections
- 4.4 Dermabrasion
- 4.5 Laser treatment
- 4.6 Radiotherapy
- 4.7 Semiocclusive ointments and pressure dressing
- 4.8 Steroids
- 4.9 Surgery
- 4.10 Vitamins
- 5 Intentional scarring
- 6 Research
- 7 See also
- 8 References
- 9 External links
Etymology[edit]
First attested in English in late 14th century, the word scar derives from Old French escharre, from Late Latin eschara,[3] which is the latinisation of the Greek ἐσχάρα (eskhara), meaning "hearth, fireplace", but in medicine "scab, eschar on a wound caused by burning or otherwise".[4][5]
Types[edit]
All scarring is composed of the same collagen as the tissue it has replaced, but the composition of the scar tissue, compared to the normal tissue, is different.[1] Scars differ from other scars in the amounts of collagen overexpressed. Labels have been applied to the differences in overexpression. Two of the most common types are hypertrophic and keloid scarring,[6] both of which experience excessive stiff collagen bundled growth overextending the tissue, blocking off regeneration of tissues. Another form is atrophic scarring (sunken scarring), which also has an overexpression of collagen blocking regeneration. This scar type is sunken, because the collagen bundles do not overextend the tissue. Stretch marks (striae) are regarded as scars by some.
Hypertrophic[edit]
Main article: Hypertrophic scars
Hypertrophic scars occur when the body overproduces collagen, which causes the scar to be raised above the surrounding skin. Hypertrophic scars take the form of a red raised lump on the skin. They usually occur within 4 to 8 weeks following wound infection or wound closure with excess tension and/or other traumatic skin injuries.[6]
Keloid[edit]
Keloid scarring on the back of Gordon, an enslaved African; people with darker skin pigmentations are more prone to the development of keloids.
Keloid scars are a more serious form of hypertrophic scarring, because they can grow indefinitely into large, tumorous (although benign) neoplasms.[6]
Hypertrophic scars are often distinguished from keloid scars by their lack of growth outside the original wound area, but this commonly taught distinction can lead to confusion.[6] Keloid scars are all hypertrophic,[6] but "only a small percentage of hypertrophic scars" are keloid.[6]
Keloid scars can occur on anyone, but they are most common in dark-skinned people.[7] They can be caused by surgery, accident, acne or, sometimes, body piercings. In some people, keloid scars form spontaneously. Although they can be a cosmetic problem, keloid scars are only inert masses of collagen and therefore completely harmless and not cancerous. However, they can be itchy or painful in some individuals. They tend to be most common on the shoulders and chest. Hypertrophic scars and its subset keloids tend to be more common in wounds closed by secondary intention.[8]
Atrophic[edit]
An atrophic scar takes the form of a sunken recess in the skin, which has a pitted appearance. These are caused when underlying structures supporting the skin, such as fat or muscle, are lost. This type of scarring is often associated with acne,[9][10] chickenpox, other diseases [especially Staphylococcus (or MRSA) infection], surgery, or accidents.
Stretch marks[edit]
Main article: Stretch marks
Stretch marks (technically called striae) are also a form of scarring. These are caused when the skin is stretched rapidly (for instance during pregnancy,[11] significant weight gain, or adolescent growth spurts),[12] or when skin is put under tension during the healing process, (usually near joints). This type of scar usually improves in appearance after a few years.[11]
Elevated corticosteroid levels are implicated in striae development.[13]
Pathophysiology[edit]
| This section may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve this section to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. The talk page may contain suggestions. (January 2012) |
Hypertrophic scarring one year after road rash on the right, and the original wound on the left.
If a wound becomes covered with epithelial tissue within two weeks, minimal collagen will be deposited and no scar will form.[14] Generally, if a wound takes longer than three to four weeks to become covered, a scar will form.[14] Deep second-degree burns heal with scarring and hair loss.[2] Sweat glands do not form in scar tissue, which impairs the regulation of body temperature.[15]
The endometrium is the only adult tissue to undergo rapid cyclic shedding and regeneration without scarring; shedding and restoring roughly inside a 7 day window, on a monthly basis.[16] All other adult tissues, upon rapid shedding or injury, can scar.
The scar is a result of the body's repair mechanism after injury in many tissues.
Any injury does not become a scar until the wound has completely healed; this can take many months, or years in the worst pathological cases, such as keloids. To begin to patch the damage, a clot is created; the clot is the beginning process that results in a provisional matrix. In the process, the first layer is a provisional matrix and is not scar. Over time, the wounded body tissue then overexpresses collagen inside the provisional matrix to create a collagen matrix. This collagen overexpression continues and crosslinks the fiber arrangement inside the collagen matrix, making the collagen dense. This densely packed collagen, morphing into an inelastic whitish collagen[17] scar wall, blocks off cell communication and regeneration; as a result, the new tissue generated will have a different texture and quality than the surrounding unwounded tissue. This prolonged collagen-producing process results in a fortuna scar.
The scarring is created by fibroblast proliferation,[17] a process that begins with a reaction to the clot.[18]
To mend the damage, fibroblasts slowly form the collagen scar. The fibroblast proliferation is circular[19] and cyclically, the fibroblast proliferation lays down thick, whitish collagen[17] inside the provisional and collagen matrix, resulting in the abundant production of packed collagen on the fibers[17][18][20] giving scars their uneven texture. Over time, the fibroblasts continue to crawl around the matrix, adjusting more fibers and, in the process, the scarring settles and becomes stiff.[21] This fibroblast proliferation also contracts the tissue.[19][22] In unwounded tissue, these fibers are not overexpressed with thick collagen and do not contract.
The fibroblast involved in scarring and contraction is the myofibroblast,[23] which is a specialized contractile fibroblast.[24] These cells express a-smooth muscle actin (a-SMA).[25]
The myofibroblasts are absent in the first trimester in the embryonic stage; damage then heals scar free;[26] small incisional or excision wounds less than 2 mm also heal without scarring;[26] and in adult unwounded tissues where the fibroblast in itself is arrested; however, the myofibroblast is found in massive numbers in adult wound healing which heals with a scar.[24]
The myofibroblasts make up a high proportion of the fibroblasts proliferating in the postembryonic wound at the onset of healing. In the rat model, for instance, myofibroblasts can constitute up to 70% of the fibroblasts,[23] and is responsible for fibrosis on tissue.[27] Generally, the myofibroblasts disappear from the wound within 30 days,[28] but can stay around in pathological cases in hypertrophy, such as keloids.[24][28]
Prolonged inflammation, as well as the fibroblast proliferation[17] can occur. Redness that often follows an injury to the skin is not a scar, and is generally not permanent (see wound healing). The time it takes for this redness to dissipate may, however, range from a few days to, in some serious and rare cases, a few years.[citation needed]
Scars form differently based on the location of the injury on the body and the age of the person who was injured.[citation needed]
The worse the initial damage is, the worse the scar will generally be.[citation needed]
Skin scars occur when the dermis (the deep, thick layer of skin) is damaged. Most skin scars are flat and leave a trace of the original injury that caused them.[citation needed]
Wounds allowed to heal secondarily tend to scar worse than wounds from primary closure.[8]
Treatments[edit]
Early and effective treatment of acne scarring can prevent severe acne and the scarring that often follows.[29] High melanin levels and either African or Asian ancestry may make adverse scarring more noticeable.[30] As of 2004[update] no prescription drugs for the treatment or prevention of scars were available.[31]
Collagen Induction Therapy[edit]
Collagen induction therapy (CIT) is an aesthetic medical procedure that involves repeatedly puncturing the skin with tiny, sterile needles. Typically, this is done with a specialized device called a microneedling device. CIT is often referred to as "microneedling" or "skin needling" in media and literature.
Chemical peels[edit]
Chemical peels are chemicals which destroy the epidermis in a controlled manner, leading to exfoliation and the alleviation of certain skin conditions, including superficial acne scars.[32] Various chemicals can be used depending upon the depth of the peel, and caution should be used, particularly for dark-skinned individuals and those individuals susceptible to keloid formation or with active infections.[33]
Filler injections[edit]
Filler injections of collagen or Artefill can be used to raise atrophic scars to the level of surrounding skin.[34] Risks vary based upon the filler used, and can include temporary improvement, further disfigurement, and allergic reaction.[35]
Dermabrasion[edit]
Dermabrasion involves the removal of the surface of the skin with special equipment, and usually involves a local anaesthetic.
Laser treatment[edit]
Nonablative lasers, such as the 585 nm pulsed dye laser, 1064 nm and 1320 nm Nd:YAG, or the 1540 nm Er:Glass are used as the standard laser therapy for hypertrophic scars and keloids.[36] This therapy smooths the epidermis via contact cooling. Multiple sessions are usually required for a significant reduction in redness and improvement in the texture and pliability of hypertrophic scars and keloids.
Ablative lasers such as the carbon dioxide laser or Er:YAG offer the best results for atrophic and acne scars.[37] Like dermabrasion, ablative lasers work by destroying the epidermis to a certain depth. Healing times for ablative therapy are much longer and the risk profile is greater compared to nonablative therapy; however, nonablative therapy offers only minor improvements in cosmetic appearance of atrophic and acne scars.[36]
Radiotherapy[edit]
Low-dose, superficial radiotherapy is sometimes used to prevent recurrence of severe keloid and hypertrophic scarring. It is thought to be effective despite a lack of clinical trials, but only used in extreme cases due to the perceived risk of long-term side effects.[38]
Semiocclusive ointments and pressure dressing[edit]
Silicone scar treatments are commonly used in preventing scar formation and improving existing scar appearance.[39] A meta-study published in the Cochrane Library concluded that it is unclear whether silicon gel sheeting helps prevent scarring.[40] It found that many of the studies advocating their use were of poor quality and susceptible to bias.
Semiocclusive, silicone-based ointments[41] are used to speed healing and reduce the appearance of scars, and likely work in a similar manner as silicone scar sheets.
Pressure dressings are commonly used in managing burn and hypertrophic scars, although supporting evidence is lacking.[42] These involve elastic materials or gauze to apply pressure to the area. For large scars and particularly large burns, pressure garments may be worn. They are believed to work by applying constant pressure to surface blood vessels, and eventually causing scars to flatten and become softer.[citation needed] Retrospective and ultrasonic studies since the 1960s have supported their use, but the only randomized clinical trial found no statistically significant difference in wound healing.[42] Care providers commonly report improvements, however, and pressure therapy has been effective in treating ear keloids.[42] The general acceptance of the treatment as effective may prevent it from being further studied in clinical trials.[42]
Steroids[edit]
Under medical supervision, a long-term course of corticosteroid injections into the scar may help flatten and soften the appearance of keloid or hypertrophic scars.[43]
The steroid is injected into the scar itself; since very little is absorbed into the blood stream, side effects of this treatment are minor. However, it does cause thinning of the scar tissue so it does carry risks when injected into scars caused by operations into ruptured tendons. This treatment is repeated at four- to six-week intervals.
Topical steroids are ineffective.[44]
Surgery[edit]
Scarring caused by acne (left), and photo one day after scar revision surgery: The area around sutures is still swollen from surgery.
Scar revision is a process of cutting the scar tissue out. After the excision, the new wound is usually closed up to heal by primary intention, instead of secondary intention. Deeper cuts need a multilayered closure to heal optimally, otherwise depressed or dented scars can result.[45]
Surgical excision of hypertrophic or keloid scars is often associated to other methods, such as pressotherapy or silicone gel sheeting. Lone excision of keloid scars, however, shows a recurrence rate close to 45%. A clinical study is currently ongoing to assess the benefits of a treatment combining surgery and laser-assisted healing in hypertrophic or keloid scars.
Vitamins[edit]
Research shows the use of vitamin E and onion extract (sold as Mederma) as treatments for scars is ineffective.[42] Vitamin E causes contact dermatitis in up to 33% of users and in some cases it may worsen scar appearance.[44] But Vitamin C and some of its esters fade the dark pigment associated with some scars.[46] This is reinforced by medical literature that supports sterile and natural oils applied on the skin epidermis can aid in moisturizing, thereby keeping the skin moist and elastic during the healing process.
Intentional scarring[edit]
Main article: Scarification
The permanence of scarring has led to its intentional use as a form of body art within some cultures and subcultures . These forms of ritual and non-ritual scarring practices can be found in many groups and cultures around the world.
Research[edit]
An intradermal injection of transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGFβ3) is being tested. The results of three trials already completed were published in the Lancet along with an editorial commentary.[47]
A study implicated the protein ribosomal s6 kinase (RSK) in the formation of scar tissue and found the introduction of a chemical to counteract RSK could halt the formation of cirrhosis. This treatment also has the potential to reduce or even prevent altogether other types of scarring.[48]
Research has also implicated osteopontin in scarring.[49][50]
A research group in South Africa has a combination approach using a microporous tape in addition to Bulbine frutescens for hydration and Centella asiatica for collagen conversion.[51] A small study has shown an improved appearance of scars.[52]
See also[edit]
- Wound healing
- Dueling scars
- Granulation tissue
- Scarification
- Self-injury
- Type-I collagen
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f Sherratt, Jonathan A. (2010). "Mathematical Modelling of Scar Tissue Formation". Department of Mathematics, Heriot-Watt University. Retrieved 2010-08-20. "This is composed of the same main protein (collagen) as normal skin, but with differences in details of composition. Most crucially, the protein fibres in normal tissue have a random (basketweave) appearance, while those in scar tissue have pronounced alignment in a single direction."
- ^ a b "Giving Burns the First, Second and Third Degree - Classification of burns". skincareguide.ca. Retrieved 2012-01-31. "Formation of a thick eschar, slow healing (>1month), Obvious scarring, hair loss."
|coauthors=requires|author=(help) - ^ eschara, Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, on Perseus
- ^ ἐσχάρα, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on perseus
- ^ Online Etymology Dictionary
- ^ a b c d e f Gauglitz GG, Korting HC, Pavicic T. "Hypertrophic Scarring and Keloids: Pathomechanisms and Current and Emerging Treatment Strategies". Mol Med 17 (1-2): 113–125. doi:10.2119/molmed.2009.00153.
- ^ Martini, Frederic H. (2006). Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, Seventh Edition, p. 171. Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco.
- ^ a b "Practical Plastic Surgery for Nonsurgeons - Secondary Wound Closure - Scarring". Retrieved 2011-04-02. "Wounds that are allowed to heal secondarily tend to have larger and more noticeable scars than the scars that results from primary closure. Secondary healing also has a greater tendency for hypertrophic scar/keloid formation. (page 86)"
- ^ Goodman, G. (2000). "Postacne scarring: A review of its pathophysiology and treatment". Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.] 26 (9): 857–871. PMID 10971560. edit
- ^ Fabbrocini, G.; Annunziata, M. C.; D'arco, V.; De Vita, V.; Lodi, G.; Mauriello, M. C.; Pastore, F.; Monfrecola, G. (2010). "Acne Scars: Pathogenesis, Classification and Treatment". Dermatology Research and Practice 2010: 1–13. doi:10.1155/2010/893080. PMC 2958495. PMID 20981308. edit
- ^ a b Young, G.; Jewell, D. (1996). Young, Gavin, ed. Creams for preventing stretch marks in pregnancy. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000066. edit
- ^ Elsaie, M. L.; Baumann, L. S.; Elsaaiee, L. T. (2009). "Striae Distensae (Stretch Marks) and Different Modalities of Therapy: An Update". Dermatologic Surgery 35 (4): 563–573. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2009.01094.x. PMID 19400881. edit
- ^ Hengge, U.; Ruzicka, T.; Schwartz, R.; Cork, M. (2006). "Adverse effects of topical glucocorticosteroids". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 54 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2005.01.010. PMID 16384751. edit
- ^ a b "POST BURN SCAR RELATIVE TO RE-EPITHELIALIZATION". Burnsurgery.org. 2011. Retrieved 2011-03-16. "Healing in 2 weeks – minimal to no scar; Healing in 3 weeks – minimal to no scar except in high risk scar formers;Healing in 4 weeks or more – hypertrophic in more than 50% of patients"
- ^ "Morphological and distribution characteristics of sweat glands in hypertrophic scar and their possible effects on sweat gland regeneration. Chin Med J (Engl). 2005 Feb 5;118(3):186-91.". Laboratory of Wound Healing and Cell Biology, Burns Institute, 304th Clinical Department, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100037, China. 2005-02-05. Retrieved 2012-05-05. "In hypertrophic scar tissue, no sweet gland and hair follicle exist usually because of the dermal and epidermal damage in extensive thermal skin injury, thus impairing regulation of body temperature."
|coauthors=requires|author=(help) - ^ "Endometrial repair". princehenrys.org. 2012-09-18. Retrieved 2013-06-30. "Importantly, the endometrium is the only adult tissue to undergo rapid cyclic repair without scarring."
- ^ a b c d e "Facts about fibroblast: scar tissue formation,". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2010-04-19. "As part of the healing process, specialized cells called fibroblasts in adjacent areas of skin produce a fibrous connective tissue made up of collagen. The bundles formed by these whitish, rather inelastic fibres make up the bulk of the scar tissue..."
- ^ a b Parlange, Mary (2007-12-17). "New mechanical insights into wound healing and scar tissue formation". Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne. eurekalert.org. Retrieved 2010-08-28. "The body launches a complex rescue operation. Specialized cells called fibroblasts lurking just beneath the surface of the skin jump into action, enter the provisional wound matrix (the clot) and start secreting collagen to close the wound as fast as possible."
- ^ a b Parlange, Mary (2007-12-17). "New mechanical insights into wound healing and scar tissue formation". Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne. eurekalert.org. Retrieved 2010-08-28. "In the process, it liberates yet more growth factor that in turn stimulates other fibroblasts to become contractile…"
- ^ Inhibitor effects of local pretreated epidermis on wound scarring.. 2005.
|coauthors=requires|author=(help)[dead link] - ^ Parlange, Mary (2007-12-17). "New mechanical insights into wound healing and scar tissue formation". Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne. eurekalert.org. Retrieved 2010-08-28. "The fibroblasts "crawl" around the matrix, pulling and reorganizing the fibers. The matrix grows stiffer,"
- ^ Parlange, Mary (2007-12-17). "New mechanical insights into wound healing and scar tissue formation". Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne. eurekalert.org. Retrieved 2010-08-28. "The matrix grows stiffer and, at a certain point, the fibroblasts stop migrating and, like Popeye, change into powerful contractile cells, anchoring themselves to the matrix and pulling the edges of the wound together."
- ^ a b "Method of preventing or reducing scarring of human skin". freepatentsonline.com. Retrieved 2010-03-26. "myofibroblasts become differentiated from other cells in the wound within a few days after the onset of healing, and in the rat model can reach a peak where about 70% of the fibroblastic cells present are of the myofibroblast phenotype."
|coauthors=requires|author=(help) - ^ a b c "Method of preventing or reducing scarring of human skin". freepatentsonline.com. Retrieved 2010-03-26. "These cells, which differentiate from the unwounded tissue cell type (fibroblasts), are responsible for laying down scar tissue. Indeed myofibroblasts remain present in hypertrophic scars up to four years after the original wounding event. An in vitro assay was accordingly developed to identify actives which prevent or reduce myofibroblast formation and thus identify actives which are effective in reducing and/or preventing scar tissue formation."
|coauthors=requires|author=(help) - ^ "Regenerative Healing in Fetal Skin: A Review of the Literature". o-wm.com. 2008-03-09. Retrieved 2011-03-26. "Aside from normal fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, specialized contractile fibroblasts, also can contribute to wound repair. These cells express a-smooth muscle actin (a-SMA) and are characterized using transmission electron microscopy by a well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, nuclei with irregular borders, secretory vesicles denoting active collagen synthesis, and organized microfilament bundles."
|coauthors=requires|author=(help) - ^ a b "Regenerative Healing in Fetal Skin: A Review of the Literature". o-wm.com. 2008-03-09. Retrieved 2011-03-26. "Studies in sheep have indicated that myofibroblasts are absent in early scarless fetal wounds but are present during healing at later stages when prominent scarring occurs. In addition, incisional or small excisional wounds (2 mm) heal without a scar and do not contain myofibroblasts. In contrast, larger excisional wounds that heal with a scar contain strong a-SMA staining, with the number of myofibroblasts correlating with the size of the wound and amount of scarring."
|coauthors=requires|author=(help) - ^ Leask, Andrew (2008-09-23). "When Healing Turns To Scarring: Research Reveals Why It Happens And How To Stop It". the Canadian Foundation for Innovation, CIHR, the Arthritis Research Campaign, the Reynaud's and Scleroderma Foundation, and the Scleroderma Society.: sciencedaily.com. Retrieved 2011-02-26. "During tissue repair, specialized cells called myofibroblasts migrate to the wound where they generate the adhesive and tensile forces required for wound closure. Normally, these myofibroblasts then disappear from the wound. But if they persist and continue to make connective tissue, it can become too thick, preventing the organ from functioning properly."
- ^ a b "Method of preventing or reducing scarring of human skin". freepatentsonline.com. Retrieved 2010-03-26. "the number of myofibroblasts present in the forming scar tissue begins to reduce via apoptosis, until by about 30 days no myofibroblasts are obvious within the scar."
|coauthors=requires|author=(help) - ^ "What is a Scar". American Academy of Dermatology. 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-25. "Early and effective acne treatment can prevent severe acne and the scarring that often follows"
- ^ Kelly, A. P. (2009). "Update on the Management of Keloids". Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 28 (2): 71–76. doi:10.1016/j.sder.2009.04.002. PMID 19608056. edit
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- ^ Khunger, N.; Iadvl Task, F. (2008). "Standard guidelines of care for acne surgery". Indian journal of dermatology, venereology and leprology. 74 Suppl: S28–S36. PMID 18688101. edit
- ^ Khunger N. Standard guidelines of care for chemical peels. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol [serial online] 2008 [cited 2010 May 22];74(Suppl):S5-S12. Free full-text.
- ^ Cooper, J.; Lee, B. (2009). "Treatment of Facial Scarring: Lasers, Filler, and Nonoperative Techniques". Facial Plastic Surgery 25 (5): 311–315. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1243079. PMID 20024872. edit
- ^ Lemperle, G.; Rullan, P. P.; Gauthier-Hazan, N. (2006). "Avoiding and Treating Dermal Filler Complications". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 118 (3 Suppl): 92S–107S. doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000234672.69287.77. PMID 16936549. edit
- ^ a b Elsaie, ML; Choudhary, S (2010). "Lasers for scars: a review and evidence-based appraisal". Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD 9 (11): 1355–62. PMID 21061757. edit
- ^ Khatri, Khalil A.; Mahoney, Danielle L.; McCartney, Melissa J. (2011). "Laser scar revision: A review". Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy 13 (2): 54–62. doi:10.3109/14764172.2011.564625. PMID 21401378. edit
- ^ Ogawa, Rei; Yoshitatsu, Sumiko; Yoshida, Ken; Miyashita, Tsuguhiro (2009). "Is Radiation Therapy for Keloids Acceptable? The Risk of Radiation-Induced Carcinogenesis". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 124 (4): 1196–1201. doi:10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181b5a3ae. PMID 19935303. edit
- ^ Stavrou, Demetris; Weissman, Oren; Winkler, Eyal; Yankelson, Lior; Millet, Eran; Mushin, Oren Paul; Liran, Alon; Haik, Joseph (2010). "Silicone-Based Scar Therapy: A Review of the Literature". Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 34 (5): 646–651. doi:10.1007/s00266-010-9496-8. PMID 20354695. edit
- ^ Silicon gel sheeting for preventing and treating hypertrophic and keloid scars [[40]http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003826.pub2/abstract;jsessionid=C37BBAD60DD13750B94673D471D8F0EB.d02t02 [40]]
- ^ Ziegler UE (2004). "[International clinical recommendations on scar management]". Zentralbl Chir (in German) 129 (4): 296–306. doi:10.1055/s-2004-822830. PMID 15354252.
- ^ a b c d e Shih R, Waltzman J, Evans GR (March 2007). "Review of over-the-counter topical scar treatment products". Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 119 (3): 1091–5. doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000255814.75012.35. PMID 17312518.
- ^ Roques, C.; Teot, L. (2008). "The Use of Corticosteroids to Treat Keloids: A Review". The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds 7 (3): 137–145. doi:10.1177/1534734608320786. PMID 18611924. edit
- ^ a b Jenkins M, Alexander JW, MacMillan BG, Waymack JP, Kopcha R. Failure of topical steroids and vitamin E to reduce postoperative scar formation following reconstructive surgery. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1986 Jul–Aug;7(4):309–312.
- ^ "Scar revisions". Retrieved 2010-10-16. "Deep cuts need multi-layered closure to heal optimally; otherwise, depressed or dented scars can result"
- ^ Farris PK. Topical vitamin C: a useful agent for treating photoaging and other dermatologic conditions. Although many people claim that vitamin therapy does in fact help. Dermatol Surg 2005;31:814-818.
- ^ Renovo. [1]. Lancet trials in: 11 April 2009 (vol. 373, pages 1264-1274). Lancet commentary by Edward Tredget in: vol 373, pages 1226-1228
- ^ "Liver damage 'could be reversed'". BBC News. 27 December 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
- ^ 'Molecular mechanisms linking wound inflammation and fibrosis: knockdown of osteopontin leads to rapid repair and reduced scarring'
- ^ "Gel 'to speed up wound healing'". BBC News. 2008-01-22. Retrieved 2010-05-23.
- ^ Widgerow AD. (2010). Scar management–marrying the practical with the science. Wound Healing South Africa.
- ^ Widgerow AD, Chait LA, Stals PJ, Stals R, Candy G (July 2009). "Multimodality scar management program". Aesthetic Plast Surg 33 (4): 533–43. doi:10.1007/s00266-008-9276-x. PMID 19048338.
External links[edit]
- WebMD.com article
- American Academy of Dermatology: "What is a scar?"
- Ohio State University Medical Center article[dead link]
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UpToDate Contents
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- 1. ケロイド keloids
- 2. 創傷管理の基本原則 basic principles of wound management
- 3. 創傷治癒および治癒しない創傷の危険因子 wound healing and risk factors for non healing
- 4. Z形成術 z plasty
- 5. モース手術 mohs surgery
English Journal
- Authentication of Punica granatum L.: Development of SCAR markers for the detection of 10 fruits potentially used in economically motivated adulteration.
- Marieschi M1, Torelli A2, Beghé D1, Bruni R3.
- Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Jul 1;202:438-44. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.02.011. Epub 2016 Feb 2.
- The large commercial success of pomegranate increase the likelihood of economically motivated adulteration (EMA), which has been gradually spotted with the undeclared addition of anthocyanin-rich plants or cheaper fruit juices used as bulking and diluting agents. A method based on Sequence-Character
- PMID 26920316
- MSCs: The Sentinel and Safe-Guards of Injury.
- Caplan AI1.
- Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2016 Jul;231(7):1413-6. doi: 10.1002/jcp.25255. Epub 2015 Nov 26.
- Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were originally named because they could differentiate in a variety of mesenchymal phenotypes in culture. Evidence indicates that MSCs arise from perivascular cells, pericytes, when the blood vessels are broken or inflamed. These pericyte/MSCs are situated on every bloo
- PMID 26565391
- Applications of platelet-rich plasma in dermatology: A critical appraisal of the literature.
- Lynch MD1, Bashir S1.
- The Journal of dermatological treatment.J Dermatolog Treat.2016 Jun;27(3):285-9. doi: 10.3109/09546634.2015.1094178. Epub 2015 Oct 14.
- Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous blood-derived product enriched in platelets, growth factors, chemokines and cytokines. Initial applications were predominantly in musculoskeletal and maxillofacial fields, however in recent years, it has been used for a range of dermatological indications
- PMID 26466811
- Postmastectomy Pain: A Cross-sectional Study of Prevalence, Pain Characteristics, and Effects on Quality of Life.
- Beyaz SG1, Ergönenç JŞ, Ergönenç T, Sönmez ÖU, Erkorkmaz Ü, Altintoprak F.
- Chinese medical journal.Chin Med J (Engl).2016 5th Jan;129(1):66-71. doi: 10.4103/0366-6999.172589.
- BACKGROUND: Postmastectomy pain syndrome (PMPS) is defined as a chronic (continuing for 3 or more months) neuropathic pain affecting the axilla, medial arm, breast, and chest wall after breast cancer surgery. The prevalence of PMPS has been reported to range from 20% to 68%. In this study, we aimed
- PMID 26712435
Japanese Journal
- 水疱性角膜症の瘢痕形成の検出と臨床的意義
- 森重 直行
- 山口医学 62(2), 85-90, 2013-05-01
- … Thus we detected corneal stromal scar formation in bullous keratopathy by applying Second Harmonic Generation Imaging Microscopy for observing corneal stroma collagen lamellae structure and the phenotypes of corneal stromal cells. … Our observation revealed that stromal edema duration affected to the appearance of scar formation in corneal stroma of bullous keratopathy and it also affected to the post operative visual acuity of corneal endothelial keratoplasty. …
- NAID 120005246410
- BCG接種時の皮膚裂傷からEhlers-Danlos症候群と診断された超早産児の一例
- 杉田 依里/平澤 恭子/花谷 あき/鷲尾 洋介/戸津 五月/増本 健一/中西 秀彦/内山 温/楠田 聡/櫻井 裕之/大澤 眞木子
- 東京女子医科大学雑誌 83(E1), E317-E322, 2013-01-31
- BCG接種時に皮膚裂傷を来たしたことを契機にEhlers-Danlos症候群(EDS)と診断された超早産児の臨床経過について報告する。児は、母体の前期破水と絨毛膜羊膜炎のため、在胎期間27週6日、出生体重1100g、帝王切開で出生した。日齢1に左脳室内出血(IVH)I度を認め、日齢4には両側IVH II度へ急速に進行し、日齢17より出血後水頭症を認めた。脳室ドレナージ術のための予定気管挿管時に、胸 …
- NAID 110009559382
- Development of Species-specific SCAR Markers for Identification of Rose Species, Rosa multiflora
- Zhuang Defeng,Aoki Yaichiro,Kageyama Koji [他]
- Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science 82(1), 78-82, 2013-01-00
- NAID 40019554490
- 臍欠損に対する臍形成術 : われわれの工夫(3)両側に皮下茎を付加した瘢痕皮弁による新しい臍形成術 (特集 臍の形成術)
- 古賀 憲幸,清川 兼輔
- 形成外科 56(1), 53-58, 2013-01-00
- NAID 40019548374
Related Links
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Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
| リンク元 | 「瘢痕」「cicatrix」「scarring」 |
| 拡張検索 | 「miscarry」「Toxascaris属」「Toxascaris」「scarlatinal nephritis」 |
| 関連記事 | 「caries」 |
「瘢痕」
「cicatrix」
「scarring」
「miscarry」
- v.
- 流産する
「Toxascaris属」
「Toxascaris」
トキサスカリス、キサスカリス属、Toxascaris属
「scarlatinal nephritis」
「caries」