| Mongolian spot |
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Mongolian spot visible on six-month-old Taiwanese baby girl
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| Classification and external resources |
| Specialty |
Dermatology |
| ICD-10 |
D22.5 (ILDS D22.505) |
| ICD-9-CM |
757.33 (CDC/BPA 757.386) |
| DiseasesDB |
8342 |
| MedlinePlus |
001472 |
| eMedicine |
derm/271 |
| MeSH |
D049328 |
A Mongolian spot, also known as Mongolian blue spot, congenital dermal melanocytosis,[1] and dermal melanocytosis[1] is a benign, flat, congenital birthmark with wavy borders and irregular shape. In 1883 it was described and named after Mongolians by Erwin Bälz, a German anthropologist based in Japan.[2][3][4][5] It normally disappears three to five years after birth and almost always by puberty.[6] The most common color is blue, although they can be blue-gray, blue-black or even deep brown. Most common among Koreans.
Contents
- 1 Cause
- 2 Prevalence
- 3 Anthropological description
- 4 Cultural terminology
- 5 See also
- 6 References
Cause
The Mongolian spot is a congenital developmental condition -- that is, one existing from birth -- exclusively involving the skin. The blue colour is caused by melanocytes, melanin-containing cells, that are usually located in the surface of the skin (the epidermis), but are in the deeper region (the dermis) in the location of the spot.[7] Usually, as multiple spots or one large patch, it covers one or more of the lumbosacral area (lower back), the buttocks, sides, and shoulders.[7] It results from the entrapment of melanocytes in the lower half to two-thirds of the dermis during their migration from the neural crest to the epidermis during embryonic development.[7]
The condition is unrelated to sex; male and female infants are equally predisposed to Mongolian spot.[citation needed]
People who are not aware of the background of the Mongolian spots may mistake one for a bruise, possibly resulting in unfounded concerns about abuse.[8][9][10]
Prevalence
Infants may be born with one or more Mongolian spots ranging from small area on the buttocks to a larger area on the back.
The spot is prevalent among East, Southeast, North, and Central Asian peoples, Malay archipelago islanders, Indigenous Oceanians (chiefly Micronesians and Polynesians), Africans,[11] Amerindians,[12] East Africans, Latin Americans and Caribbeans of mixed-race descent, and Turkish people.[13][14][7] They occur in about 90-95% of Asian and 80-85% Native American infants.[14] Approximately 90% of Polynesians and Micronesians are born with Mongolian spots, as are about 46% of children in Latin America,[15] where they are associated with non-European descent. These spots also appear on 5-10% of babies of full Caucasian descent; Coria del Río in Spain has a high incidence due to the presence of descendants of the first Japanese official envoy to Spain in the early 17th century.[14][16] Black babies have Mongolian spots at a frequency of 96%.[17]
Almost the entire mestizo (mixed Spanish-Indian) people of Mexico have the Mongolian spot.[18]
Central Americans indigenous children were subjected to racism due to their Mongolian spots but progressive circles began to make having the Mongolian spot popular after the late 1960s.[19]
Highland Peruvians have the Mongolian spot.[20]
The Mongolian spot appeared at a high frequency of around 42% among the "white" population of Uruguay when compared to Spain, this suggested high levels of African and native Indian admixture.[21]
Anthropological description
The French anthropologist Robert Gessain interested himself in what he called the tache pigmentaire congenitale or coloured birthmark, publishing multiple papers in the Journal de la Société des Américanistes, an academic journal covering the cultural anthropology of the Americas. Gessain spent time with the Huehuetla Tepehua people in Hidalgo, Mexico, and wrote in 1947 about the spot's "location, shape, colour, histology, chemistry, genetic transmission, and racial distribution". He had previously spent several winters in Greenland, and wrote an overview in 1953 of what was known about the spot. He hypothesised that the age at which it faded in various populations might prove to be a distinguishing characteristic of those groups. Gessain claimed that the spot was first observed amongst the Eskimo.[22]
Hans Egede Saabye, a Danish priest and botanist, spent 1770-1778 in Greenland. His diaries, published in 1816 and translated into several European languages, contained much ethnographic information. He described the spot on newborns, saying he had seen it often when the infants were presented naked for baptism. A second Danish observer was doctor and zoologist Daniel Frederik Eschricht, mainly based in Copenhagen. In 1849 he wrote of the "mixed" babies he had delivered at the lying-in hospital. He also says that "the observation made for the first time by Saabye about Eskimo children has been completely confirmed by Captain Holbøll", who sent him a fetus pickled in alcohol. [22]
Gessain goes on to state that it was only in 1883 that an anthropologist mentions the spot. It was Erwin Bälz, a German working in Tokyo, who described a dark blue mark on Japanese infants. He presented his findings in 1901 in Berlin, and from that point on, Bälz's name was associated with certain skin cells containing pigment. Captain Gustav Frederik Holm wrote in 1887 that his Greenlandic interpreter Johannes Hansen (known as Hanserak) attested to the existence of the birthmark over the kidney region of newborns, which grows larger as they grow older. That year, the Danish anthropologist Soren Hansen drew the connection between the observations of Bälz in Japan and Saabye in Greenland. "This cannot be a coincidence. It is not the first time that the resemblance between the Japanese and the Eskimo has been pointed out." Fridtjof Nansen, the Norwegian polar explorer, said that the spot was widespread in the mixed Danish-Eskimo population of West Greenland. Soren Hansen confirmed this, and further hypothesised that in both Japan and Greenland the spot might indicate an African connection ("a sign of direct descent from a black racial element"). (See Historical race concepts.) A missionary in Bethel, Alaska, a traditional gathering place of Yup'ik people, reported that the spots were common on children. Rudolf Trebitsh, an Austrian linguist and ethnologist, spent the summer of 1906 on the West Coast of Greenland, and listed all the examples he came across. Gessain went to north Labrador in 1926, looking for children with these spots. In 1953 Dr Saxtorph, medical advisor to the Greenland department (part of the Danish government), wrote that the Greenlanders do not like outsiders to see or discuss these birthmarks; "they doubtless feel as a reminiscence of the time when they lived on a low cultural level". [22]
The presence or absence of the Mongolian spot was used by racial theorists such as Joseph Deniker (1852-1918), the French anthropologist.[23]
The Journal of Cutaneous Diseases Including Syphilis, Volume 23 contained several accounts of the Mongolian spot on children in the Americas:
- Holm ("Ethnological Sketch. Communications on Greenland," X., Copenhagen, 1887) announced the presence of the spot in the east part of Greenland. Bartels ("The So-Called 'Mongolian' Spots on Infants of Esquimaux," Ethnologic Review, 1903) received letters regarding it from East Greenland and also from Esquimaux of Alaska. In half-breed European-Esquimaux, Hansen says he has encountered it. Among Indians of North Vancouver, British Columbia, there are observations made by Baelz as well as by Tenkate (secondhand). In the Mayas of Central America, Starr's (Data on the Ethnography of Western Mexico, Part H., 1902) facts are corroborated by Herman (Aparecimiento de la Mancha Mongolica. Revista de Ethnologia, 1904). He cites A. F. Chamberlain (Pigmentary Spots, American Anthropologist, 1902,) and Starr (Sacral Spots of Mayan Indians, Science, New Series, xvii., 1903).
- In Central America, according to these authorities, the spot is called Uits, "pan," and it is an insult to speak of it. It disappears in the tenth month. It is bluish-reddish (in these red men), and is remarkable by its littleness. Mayan half-breed infants do not have it (red men and Spanish white). The mulberry colored spot is very well known in Negroid Brazil. Among individuals of mixed Indian blood (black and red) it is called "genipapo" from its resemblance in color (bluish-gray) to an indigenous fruit of Brazil, named genipapo (an Indian word adopted into Portuguese).
- Tem genipapo means the same as "he is of colored (negro) race." Brazilians say that the spot has a great tendency to preserve itself through the generations by inheritance, and that "Indian blood" is never lost when entering a new. This is the explanation made by those in whose family it occurs. It is rather like the Minorcan blood of the Dr. Trumbull negroes of St. Augustine, Florida, among whom this same spot shows itself even to-day. Yet no one knows them to be black, except that a dark child is sometimes born and strangled by the beautiful women of that race descended from the old Negress of Spain, whom Dr. Trumbull married and brought to America with him. Dr. Lehmann-Nitsche (Mancha Morada de los recien Nacidos, La Semana Medico, 1904) has known of cases of the spot among very swarthy individuals of Europe. He believes that the religious Brazilians are wrong in their accusation that it is the "Seal of Cain." (Cain's seal was on the forehead. Besides, a tribal tattooing in all probability was Cain's seal, as every anthropologist might explain.)"[24][25]
A marriage between a Chinese man and a white Mexican woman was recorded in "Current anthropological literature, Volumes 1-2", published in 1912, titled "Note on two children born to a Chinese and a Mexican white"- "Note sur deux enfants nes d'un chinois et d une mexicaine de race blanche. (Ibid., 122-125, portr.) Treats briefly of Chen Tean (of Hong Kong), his wife, Inez Mancha (a white Mexican), married in 1907, and their children, a boy (born April 14, 1908) and a girl (born September 24, 1909). The boy is of marked Chinese type, the girl much more European. No Mongolian spots were noticed at birth. Both children were born with red cheeks. Neither has ever been sick. The boy began to walk at ten months, the girl a little after a year."[26][27][28][29][30][31]
Cultural terminology
The Mongolian spot is referred to in the Japanese idiom shiri ga aoi (尻が青い), meaning "to have a blue butt",[32][33] which is a reference to immaturity or inexperience. In Mexico, where its name is the "green butt" (Spanish: rabo verde) it is referred to as la patada de Cuauhtémoc, meaning "Cuauhtémoc's kick". Korean mythology explains the spot as a bruise formed when Samshin halmi (Korean: 삼신할미), a shaman spirit to whom people pray around childbirth, slapped the baby's behind to hasten the baby to quickly get out from his or her mother's womb.
In Ecuador, the native Indians of Colta are insultingly referred to in Spanish by a number of terms which allude to the Mongolian spot.[34]
In Spanish it is called mancha mongólica and mancha de Baelz (see Erwin Bälz).[35]
See also
- List of cutaneous conditions
References
- ^ a b Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. p. 1720. ISBN 1-4160-2999-0.
- ^ Die koerperlichen Eigenschaften der Japaner.(1885) Baelz.E. Mittheil.d.deusch Gesell.f.Natur-u-Voelkerheilkunde Ostasiens. Bd.4.H.32
- ^ Circumscribed dermal melanosis (Mongolian spot)(1981) Kikuchi I, Inoue S. in "Biology and Diseases of Dermal Pigmentation", University of Tokyo Press , p83
- ^ Bernard Cohen (1993). Atlas of pediatric dermatology. Wolfe. p. 6-17. ISBN 1563750198. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
- ^ JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, Volume 51. American Medical Association. American Medical Association. 1908. p. 2262. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
- ^ Mongolian Spot DrGreen.com
- ^ a b c d Mongolian blue spots - Health care guide discussing the Mongolian blue spot.
- ^ Mongolian Spot - English information of Mongolian spot, written by Hironao NUMABE, M.D., Tokyo Medical University.
- ^ Empson, Rebecca M. (2010). Harnessing fortune : personhood, memory and place in northeast Mongolia. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780197264737.
- ^ Robert M. Reece; Stephen Ludwig, eds. (2001). Child Abuse: Medical Diagnosis and Management (2, illustrated ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 180. ISBN 0781724449. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
- ^ Kevin C. Stuart (1997). Mongols in Western/American consciousness (illustrated ed.). Edwin Mellen Press. p. 95. ISBN 0773484434. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
- ^ Miller (1999). Nursing Care of Older Adults: Theory and Practice (3, illustrated ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 90. ISBN 0781720761. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
- ^ "Frequency and characteristics of Mongolian spots among Turkish children in Aegean region". July 2006.
- ^ a b c "About Mongolian Spot". tokyo-med.ac.jp. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
- ^ Epidemiology of Mongolian spot on MedScape
- ^ "Spain's Japon clan has reunion to trace its 17th century roots - The Japan Times". The Japan Times. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
- ^ N Silverberg (2012). Atlas of Pediatric Cutaneous Biodiversity: Comparative Dermatologic Atlas of Pediatric Skin of All Colors. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 34. ISBN 1461435641. Archived from the original on 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
- ^ Lawrence C. Parish; Larry E. Millikan, eds. (2012). Global Dermatology: Diagnosis and Management According to Geography, Climate, and Culture. M. Amer, R.A.C. Graham-Brown, S.N. Klaus, J.L. Pace. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 197. ISBN 1461226147. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
- ^ Arturo Arias (2007). Taking Their Word: Literature and the Signs of Central America. U of Minnesota Press. p. 239. ISBN 1452913161. Archived from the original on 2007. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
- ^ Herbert Goldhamer (2015). The Foreign Powers in Latin America. Princeton Legacy Library, Rand Corporation research study. Princeton University Press. p. 105. ISBN 1400869153. Archived from the original on 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
- ^ Sahra Gibbon; Mónica Sans; Ricardo Ventura Santos, eds. (2011). Racial Identities, Genetic Ancestry, and Health in South America: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Uruguay. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1137001712. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
- ^ a b c Gessain, Robert (1953). "La tache pigmentaire congénitale chez les Eskimo d'Angmassalik". Journal de la Société des Américanistes 42: 301–332.
- ^ Deniker, Joseph (4 April 1901). "Les taches congénitales dans la région sacro-lombaire considérées comme caractère de race". Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris 2 (2): 274–281.
- ^ The Journal of Cutaneous Diseases Including Syphilis ..., Volume 23. 1905. p. 210. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
- ^ Journal of Cutaneous Diseases Including Syphilis, Volume 23. American Dermatological Association. American Dermatological Association. 1905. p. 210. Archived from the original on Nov 11, 2008. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
- ^ Current Anthropological Literature, Volumes 1-2. American Anthropological Association, American Folklore Society. American Anthropological Association and the American Folk-lore Society. 1912. p. 257. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
- ^ Current Anthropological Literature, Volume 1. American Anthropological Association, American Folklore Society. American Anthropological Association and the American Folk-lore Society. 1912. p. 257. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
- ^ Current Anthropological Literature, Volumes 1-2. American Anthropological Association, American Folklore Society. American Anthropological Association and the American Folk-lore Society. 1912. p. 257. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
- ^ George Charles Engerrand (1912). Note sur deux enfants nés d'un chinois et d'une mexicaine de race blanche (in French) (reprint ed.). Librairie F. Alcan. p. 125. Retrieved May 17, 2010.
- ^ Engerrand, Georges (1912). Note sur deux enfants nes d'un Chinois et d'une Mexicaine de race blanche. [microform] (in French) (reprint ed.). F. Alcan. p. 125. Retrieved May 17, 2010.
- ^ Current Anthropological Literature, Volumes 1-2. American Anthropological Association, American Folklore Society. American Anthropological Association and the American Folk-lore Society. 1912. p. 257. ISBN 1137001712. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
- ^ 尻 (Japanese)
- ^ "The butt is blue": the untold story, Language Log, October 15, 2008 @ 3:14 pm; comment of October 16, 2008 @ 11:39 am
- ^ Eileen Maynard (1966). The Indians of Colta: Essays on the Colta Lake Zone, Chimborazo (Ecuador). Department of Anthropology, Cornell University. p. 6. Archived from the original on May 30, 2008. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
- ^ Vox (2012). Vox Super-Mini Medical Spanish and English Dictionary. Vox dicitonaries. McGraw Hill Professional. p. 184, 121. ISBN 0071788638. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
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Gonadal tumors, paraganglioma, and glomus (ICD-O 8590-8719)
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Gonadal/
sex cord-gonadal stromal |
| sex cord |
- Granulosa cell tumour
- Sertoli cell tumour
- Sex cord tumour with annular tubules
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| stroma |
- Thecoma
- Leydig cell tumor
|
|
| both |
- Sertoli-Leydig cell tumour
- Luteoma
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|
|
Paragangliomas and
Glomus tumors |
- Neuroendocrine tumor
- Paraganglioma
- Pheochromocytoma
|
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- Vascular tissue neoplasm
- Glomus tumor
- Glomangiosarcoma
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Index of reproductive medicine
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| Description |
- Anatomy
- Physiology
- Development
- sex determination and differentiation
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| Disease |
- Infections
- Congenital
- Neoplasms and cancer
- male
- female
- gonadal
- germ cell
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
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| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- benign prostatic hypertrophy
- erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation
- sexual dysfunction
- infection
- hormones
- androgens
- estrogens
- progestogens
- GnRH
- prolactin
- Assisted reproduction
- Birth control
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