HACEK group

WordNet

1. arrange into a group or groups; "Can you group these shapes together?"
2. (chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule (同)radical, chemical group
3. any number of entities (members) considered as a unit (同)grouping
4. a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse (同)mathematical group
5. form a group or group together (同)aggroup
6. the activity of putting things together in groups
7. a system for classifying things into groups (同)pigeonholing
8. a diacritical mark (an inverted circumflex) placed above certain letters (such as the letter c) to indicate pronunciation (同)wedge
9. arranged into groups (同)sorted

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (…の)『群れ』,集まり,小集団《+of+名》 / (主義・系統・種類などを同じくする人・物の)『派』,『団体』 / (ポミュラーソング歌手の)グループ / (動・植物分類上の)群;(化学の)基,原子団;(地質学上の)界;(数学の)群;(言語学上の)語派 / …‘を'一群に集める,一団にする《+『名』+『together』》 / (系統的に)…‘を'分類する,調和よく配合する《+『名』+『together』》 / 集まる,群(集団)をなす
2. グループに分けること;分類法 / (集まった物の)配置,配合

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/28 18:24:47」(JST)

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The HACEK organisms are a group of fastidious Gram-negative bacteria that are an unusual cause of infective endocarditis (IE), which is an inflammation of the heart due to bacterial infection. HACEK is an abbreviation of the initials of the genera of this group of bacteria: Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter (previously Actinobacillus), Cardiobacterium, Eikenella corrodens, Kingella. The HACEK organisms are a normal part of the human flora, living in the oral-pharyngeal region.

The bacteria were originally grouped because they were thought to be a significant cause of infective endocarditis, but recent literature has shown that they are rare and only responsible for 1.4–3% of all cases of this disease.

Organisms

HACEK originally referred to Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Haemophilus aphrophilus, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, and Kingella kingae. However, taxonomic rearrangements have changed the A to Aggregatibacter species and the H to Haemophilus species to reflect the recategorization and novel identification of many of the species in these genera. Some reviews of medical literature on HACEK organisms use the older classification, but recent papers are using the new classification.

A list of HACEK organisms:

• Haemophilus species
  • Haemophilus parainfluenzae
  • Haemophilus influenzae. The incidence of endocarditis due to H. influenzae declined after the introduction of the Hib vaccine.
  • Haemophilus haemolyticus
  • Haemophilus parahaemolyticus
• Aggregatibacter
  • Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans)
  • Aggregatibacter segnis
  • Aggregatibacter aphrophilus (previously Haemophilus aphrophilus)
  • Aggregatibacter paraphrophilus (previously Haemophilus aphrophilus)
• Cardiobacterium
  • Cardiobacterium hominis. Most common species in the Cardiobacterium genus.
  • Cardiobacterium valvarum
• Eikenella
  • Eikenella corrodens
• Kingella
  • Kingella kingae. Most common species in the Kingella genus.
  • Kingella denitrificans

Presentation

All of these organisms are part of the normal oropharyngeal flora, which grow slowly (up to 14 days), prefer a carbon dioxide–enriched atmosphere, and share an enhanced capacity to produce endocardial infections, especially in young children. Collectively they account for 5–10% of cases of infective endocarditis involving native valves and are the most common gram-negative cause of endocarditis among people who do not use IV drugs. They have been a frequent cause of culture-negative endocarditis. Culture negative refers to an inability to produce a colony on regular agar plates; this is because these bacteria are fastidious (requiring a specific nutrient).

In addition to valvular infections in the heart, they can also produce other infections such as bacteremia, abscess, peritonitis, otitis media, conjunctivitis, pneumonia, arthritis, osteomyelitis, and periodontal infections.

Treatment

The treatment of choice for HACEK organisms in endocarditis is ceftriaxone, a third generation cephalosporin and a β-Lactam antibiotic (as are the penicillins). Ampicillin (a penicillin) and low-dose gentamicin (an aminoglycoside) is another therapeutic option.

References

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 感染性心内膜炎の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of infective endocarditis
• 2. 小児における血行性骨髄炎：疫学、病因、および微生物学 hematogenous osteomyelitis in children epidemiology pathogenesis and microbiology
• 3. 人工弁心内膜炎における抗菌療法 antimicrobial therapy of prosthetic valve endocarditis
• 4. 固有弁心内膜炎の抗菌療法 antimicrobial therapy of native valve endocarditis
• 5. 歯性感染症の疫学、病因、および臨床症状 epidemiology pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of odontogenic infections

English Journal

• Infective endocarditis due to Enterobacter cloacae resistant to third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins.

• Yoshino Y, Okugawa S, Kimura S, Makita E, Seo K, Koga I, Matsunaga N, Kitazawa T, Ota Y.SourceDepartment of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8606, Japan. Electronic address: yyoshino@med.teikyo-u.ac.jp.
• Journal of microbiology, immunology, and infection = Wei mian yu gan ran za zhi.J Microbiol Immunol Infect.2012 Sep 24. pii: S1684-1182(12)00159-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2012.07.015. [Epub ahead of print]
• We report the case of using a long-term combination of meropenem and amikacin to treat infective endocarditis caused by Enterobacter cloacae resistant to third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins. Multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacilli, such as the E. cloacae in our study, may become possible
• PMID 23017689

• Haemophilus aphrophilus associated spleen abscess: an unusual presentation of subacute endocarditis.

• Tien YC, Chang CC, Liu YM.SourceDepartment of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua City, Taiwan.
• Journal of clinical medicine research.J Clin Med Res.2012 Jun;4(3):209-11. doi: 10.4021/jocmr803w. Epub 2012 May 15.
• The HACEK group of bacteria (Haemophilus spp., Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, Kingella spp.), is uncommon pathogens of infective endocarditis, but can cause life-threatening events such as heart failure or formation of lethal emboli. Here we repor
• PMID 22719808

Japanese Journal

• Eikenella corrodens感染症4症例の臨床細菌学的検討

• 正木 孝幸,松本 珠美
• 保健科学研究誌 (9), 7-13, 2012-03-31
• NAID 40019323818

• Eikenella corrodens 感染症4症例の臨床細菌学的検討

• 正木 孝幸,松本 珠美
• 保健科学研究誌 9, 7-13, 2012-03-31
• Eikenella corrodens is a fastidious small Gram-negative bacilli belonging to the HACEKgroup (Haemophilus spp., Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacteriumhominus, Eikenella corrodens and Ki …
• NAID 110009537006

Related Links

• キンゲラ属感染: ナイセリア科: メルクマニュアル18版 日本語版

キンゲラ属 はいわゆるHACEKグループ （ Haemophilus，Actinobacillus， Cardiobacterium， Eikenella， Kingella，の5属―グラム陰性桿菌: HACEK群感染症を参照 ）の一部で，このグループには心内膜炎を引き起こす能力のある栄養 ...

• HACEK群感染症: グラム陰性桿菌: メルクマニュアル18版 日本語版

HACEK群菌は主に心内膜炎を引き起こす毒性の弱いグラム陰性菌である。 非運動性のグラム陰性桿菌または球桿菌のHACEK群は，ヘモフィルス 属菌種など，病原性が低く発育緩徐で栄養要求性の高い菌の集団をさす。この群には ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans」「Kingella kingae」「Cardiobacterium hominis」「右室径」
関連記事	「group」「grouping」「HACEK」「HAC」「grouped」

「Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans」

　　[★]

日

アクチノバチルス・アクチノミセテムコミタンス

関

HACEK group、アクチノバチルス属

[show details]

アクチノバシラス・アクチノミセタムコミタンス : 33 件
アクチノバチルス・アクチノミセタムコミタンス : 30 件
アクチノバシルス・アクチノミセテムコミタンス : 18 件
アクチノバチルス・アクチノミセテムコミタンス : 50 件

「Kingella kingae」

　　[★]

ラ

Kingella kingae

日

キンゲラ・キンゲ、キンゲラ・キンガエ

関

HACEK group

「Cardiobacterium hominis」

　　[★]

ラ

Cardiobacterium hominis

日

カーディオバクテリウム・ホミニス

関

HACEK group

「右室径」

　　[★]

関

HACEK group

関

HACEK group

関

HACEK group

「group」

　　[★]

• n.

• 集団、グループ、(動物)群れ、(分類学)群、(化学)基

• v.

• 分類する、グループ化する

関

assortment、categorization、categorize、category、class、classification、classifier、classify、cluster、collective、grouping、herd、mass、population、sort、swarm、systematization、typing

　 　 　 　 　 　

「grouping」

　　[★]

• n.

• 分類、グルーピング、グループ化、群化

関

assortment、categorization、categorize、category、class、classification、classifier、classify、group、grouped、sort、systematization、typing

　 　 　

「HACEK」

　　[★]

関

感染性心内膜炎

• Haemophilus parainfluenzae
• Haemophilus aphrophilus
• Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans
• Cardiobacterium hominis
• Eikenella corrodens
• Kingella kingae

「HAC」

　　[★]

• ヒト人工染色体

関

human artificial chromosome

「grouped」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 群化の

関

grouping