- 関
- HAC
WordNet
- sing with closed lips; "She hummed a melody"
- a humming noise; "the hum of distant traffic" (同)humming
- be noisy with activity; "This office is buzzing with activity" (同)buzz, seethe
- sound with a monotonous hum (同)thrum
- make a low continuous sound; "The refrigerator is humming"
- relating to a person; "the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects"
- characteristic of humanity; "human nature"
- having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings; "human beings"; "the human body"; "human kindness"; "human frailty"
- not arising from natural growth or characterized by vital processes
- artificially formal; "that artificial humility that her husband hated"; "contrived coyness"; "a stilted letter of acknowledgment"; "when people try to correct their speech they develop a stilted pronunciation" (同)contrived, hokey, stilted
- contrived by art rather than nature; "artificial flowers"; "artificial flavoring"; "an artificial diamond"; "artificial fibers"; "artificial sweeteners" (同)unreal
- a threadlike strand of DNA in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order; "humans have 22 chromosome pairs plus two sex chromosomes"
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 〈ハチ・機械などが〉『ブンブンいう』,ブーンと鳴る / 『鼻歌を歌う』,ハミングスル / (ちゅうちょ・当惑で)ふむふむいう / 《話》〈雰囲気・事業などが〉活気がある,活発に動く;(…で)活気づく《+『with』+『名』》 / …‘を'『ハミングで歌う』,鼻歌を歌って…‘を'(ある状熊に)する / (ハチ・機械などの)『ブンブン』[『うなる音』];鼻歌 / (雑踏などの)ガヤガヤ]いう音],騒音 / ふ‐む,う‐ん(ちゅうちょ・当惑・黙考・疑惑・不快などの声)
- (動物・神に対して)『人間の』,人の / 『人間らいし』,人間的な,人情味のある / 〈C〉《複数形》(動物に怠して)人間(human being) / 〈U〉《the human》人類
- 『人造の』,『人工の』,人為的な / 模造の / 不自然な,見せかけの
- 染色体
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2012/10/08 03:57:58」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
A human artificial chromosome (HAC) is a microchromosome that can act as a new chromosome in a population of human cells. That is, instead of 46 chromosomes, the cell could have 47 with the 47th being very small, roughly 6-10 megabases in size, and able to carry new genes introduced by human researchers. Yeast artificial chromosomes and bacterial artificial chromosomes were created before human artificial chromosomes, which first appeared in 1997. They are useful in expression studies as gene transfer vectors and are a tool for elucidating human chromosome function. Grown in HT1080 cells, they are mitotically and cytogenetically stable for up to six months.
Contents
- 1 History
- 2 Applications
- 3 See also
- 4 References
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History
Harrington et. al. first described human artificial chromosomes[1] They were first synthesized by combining portions of alpha satellite DNA with telomeric DNA and genomic DNA into linear microchromosomes.
Applications
In 2011, a refined human artificial chromosome called 21HAC was reported. 21HAC is based on a stripped copy of human chromosome 21, producing a chromosome 5 Mb in length.[2] This platform was then used to create integration free pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic stem cells.[3]
See also
- bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)
- yeast artificial chromosome (YAC)
- plasmid
- cosmid
- fosmid
References
- ^ Harrington, J. J.; Bokkelen, G. V.; Mays, R. W.; Gustashaw, K.; Willard, H. F. (1997). "Formation of de novo centromeres and construction of first-generation human artificial microchromosomes". Nature Genetics 15 (4): 345–355. doi:10.1038/ng0497-345. PMID 9090378. edit
- ^ Kazuki, Y.; Hoshiya, H.; Takiguchi, M.; Abe, S.; Iida, Y.; Osaki, M.; Katoh, M.; Hiratsuka, M. et al. (2010). "Refined human artificial chromosome vectors for gene therapy and animal transgenesis". Gene Therapy 18 (4): 384–393. doi:10.1038/gt.2010.147. PMC 3125098. PMID 21085194. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3125098/. edit
- ^ Hiratsuka, M.; Uno, N.; Ueda, K.; Kurosaki, H.; Imaoka, N.; Kazuki, K.; Ueno, E.; Akakura, Y. et al. (2011). Lu, Jian R.. ed. "Integration-Free iPS Cells Engineered Using Human Artificial Chromosome Vectors". PLoS ONE 6 (10): e25961. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025961. PMC 3187830. PMID 21998730. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3187830/. edit
Types of nucleic acids
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Constituents |
- Nucleobases
- Nucleosides
- Nucleotides
- Deoxynucleotides
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Ribonucleic acids
(coding and non-coding) |
- translation: mRNA
- tRNA
- rRNA
- tmRNA
- regulatory: miRNA
- siRNA
- piRNA
- aRNA
- RNAi
- RNA processing: snRNA
- snoRNA
- other/ungrouped: gRNA
- shRNA
- stRNA
- ta-siRNA
- SgRNA
- Sutherland RNA
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Deoxyribonucleic acids |
- cDNA
- cpDNA
- gDNA
- msDNA
- mtDNA
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Nucleic acid analogues |
- GNA
- LNA
- PNA
- TNA
- morpholino
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Cloning vectors |
- phagemid
- plasmid
- lambda phage
- cosmid
- fosmid
- PAC
- BAC
- YAC
- HAC
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biochemical families: proteins (amino acids/intermediates) · nucleic acids (constituents/intermediates) · carbohydrates (glycoproteins, alcohols, glycosides)
lipids (fatty acids/intermediates, phospholipids, steroids, sphingolipids, eicosanoids) · tetrapyrroles/intermediates
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UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Correlation between luminescence intensity and cytotoxicity in cell-based cytotoxicity assay using luciferase.
- Wakuri S1, Yamakage K1, Kazuki Y2, Kazuki K3, Oshimura M3, Aburatani S4, Yasunaga M5, Nakajima Y6.
- Analytical biochemistry.Anal Biochem.2017 Jan 19. pii: S0003-2697(17)30037-4. doi: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.01.015. [Epub ahead of print]
- The luciferase reporter assay has become one of the conventional methods for cytotoxicity evaluation. Typically, the decrease of luminescence expressed by a constitutive promoter is used as an index of cytotoxicity. However, to our knowledge, there have been no reports of the correlation between cyt
- PMID 28111305
- Mechanistic insights into type I toxin antitoxin systems in Helicobacter pylori: the importance of mRNA folding in controlling toxin expression.
- Arnion H1, Korkut DN1, Masachis Gelo S1, Chabas S1, Reignier J1, Iost I1, Darfeuille F2.
- Nucleic acids research.Nucleic Acids Res.2017 Jan 10. pii: gkw1343. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkw1343. [Epub ahead of print]
- Type I toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems have been identified in a wide range of bacterial genomes. Here, we report the characterization of a new type I TA system present on the chromosome of the major human gastric pathogen, Helicobacter pylori We show that the aapA1 gene encodes a 30 amino acid peptide
- PMID 28077560
- Diabetes induced by gain-of-function mutations in the Kir6.1 subunit of the KATP channel.
- Remedi MS1,2,3, Friedman JB2, Nichols CG2,3.
- The Journal of general physiology.J Gen Physiol.2017 Jan;149(1):75-84. doi: 10.1085/jgp.201611653. Epub 2016 Dec 12.
- Gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in the pore-forming (Kir6.2) and regulatory (SUR1) subunits of KATP channels have been identified as the most common cause of human neonatal diabetes mellitus. The critical effect of these mutations is confirmed in mice expressing Kir6.2-GOF mutations in pancreatic �
- PMID 27956473
Japanese Journal
- A human artificial chromosome recapitulates the metabolism of native telomeres in mammalian cells.
- Wakai Michihito,Abe Satoshi,Kazuki Yasuhiro,Oshimura Mitsuo,Ishikawa Fuyuki
- PloS one 9(2), 2014-02-18
- … Telomeric and subtelomeric regions of human chromosomes largely consist of highly repetitive and redundant DNA sequences, resulting in a paucity of unique DNA sequences specific to individual telomeres. … To circumvent this problem, we have exploited a human artificial chromosome (HAC#21) derived from human chromosome 21 (hChr21). …
- NAID 120005466681
- The Chicken HS4 Insulator Element Does Not Protect the H19 ICR from Differential DNA Methylation in Yeast Artificial Chromosome Transgenic Mouse
- Okamura Eiichi,Matsuzaki Hitomi,Fukamizu Akiyoshi,Tanimoto Keiji
- PLoS ONE 8(9), e73925, 2013-09
- … To test if the chicken β-globin HS4 (cHS4) chromatin insulator might interfere with methylation imprinting establishment at the H19 ICR, we inserted the H19 ICR fragment, flanked by a set of floxed cHS4 core sequences, into a human β-globin locus YAC and generated TgM (insulated ICR' TgM). …
- NAID 120005342716
- Detection of characteristic heterochromatin distribution, highly amplified rRNA genes and presence of the human satellite III DNA motif in the scleractinian coral Echinophyllia aspera Ellis and Solander 1788
- Taguchi Takahiro,Kubota Satoshi,Mezaki Takuma,Sekida Satoko,Okuda Kazuo,Nakachi Shu,Shinbo Teruyuki,Iiguni Yoshiaki,Tominaga Akira
- Chromosome
- … aspera embryo (about 9-12 hours after artificial fertilization; … FISH mapping of rRNA genes (rDNAs) was successfully carried out with the probe generated by PCR amplification using rRNA gene primers and revealed that extraordinary amplification of rDNA occurred in one of the homologous chromosomes similar to that in a homogeneous staining region (hsr) that is sometimes seen in human cancer cells. …
- NAID 130004707283
Related Links
- A human artificial chromosome (HAC) is a microchromosome that can act as a new chromosome in a population of human cells. That is, instead of 46 chromosomes, the cell could have 47 with the 47th being very small, roughly 6-10 megabases ...
- human artificial chromosome n. A large DNA sequence constructed in the laboratory to function like a human chromosome. ... In 2002 Kirin made use of a proprietary human artificial chromosome vector to introduce human antibody ...
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★リンクテーブル★
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- human artificial chromosome
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- 英
- human artificial chromosome、HAC
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- ape、hominid、Hominidae、homo、Homo sapiens、human being、human race、human-type、man、Pongidae
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- artificially