The HACEK organisms are a group of fastidious gram-negative bacteria that are an unusual cause of infective endocarditis, which is an inflammation of the heart due to bacterial infection.[1] HACEK is an abbreviation of the initials of the genera of this group of bacteria: Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter (previously Actinobacillus), Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, Kingella.[1] The HACEK organisms are a normal part of the human microbiota, living in the oral-pharyngeal region.[2]
The bacteria were originally grouped because they were thought to be a significant cause of infective endocarditis, but recent literature has shown that they are rare and only responsible for 1.4–3% of all cases of this disease.[1]
Contents
- 1 Organisms
- 2 Presentation
- 3 Treatment
- 4 References
Organisms
HACEK originally referred to Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Haemophilus aphrophilus, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, and Kingella kingae. However, taxonomic rearrangements have changed the A to Aggregatibacter species and the H to Haemophilus species to reflect the recategorization and novel identification of many of the species in these genera.[1] Some reviews of medical literature on HACEK organisms use the older classification,[3] but recent papers are using the new classification.[4][5][6]
A list of HACEK organisms:
- Haemophilus species
- Haemophilus parainfluenzae[5]
- Haemophilus influenzae. The incidence of endocarditis due to H. influenzae declined after the introduction of the Hib vaccine.[1]
- Haemophilus haemolyticus[6]
- Haemophilus parahaemolyticus[6]
- Aggregatibacter
- Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans)
- Aggregatibacter segnis
- Aggregatibacter aphrophilus (previously Haemophilus aphrophilus)
- Aggregatibacter paraphrophilus (previously Haemophilus aphrophilus)
- Cardiobacterium
- Cardiobacterium hominis. Most common species in the Cardiobacterium genus.
- Cardiobacterium valvarum
- Eikenella
- Kingella
- Kingella kingae. Most common species in the Kingella genus.
- Kingella denitrificans[5]
Presentation
All of these organisms are part of the normal oropharyngeal flora, which grow slowly (up to 14 days), prefer a carbon dioxide–enriched atmosphere, and share an enhanced capacity to produce endocardial infections, especially in young children. Collectively they account for 5–10% of cases of infective endocarditis involving native valves and are the most common gram-negative cause of endocarditis among people who do not use IV drugs. They have been a frequent cause of culture-negative endocarditis. Culture negative refers to an inability to produce a colony on regular agar plates; this is because these bacteria are fastidious (requiring a specific nutrient).
In addition to valvular infections in the heart, they can also produce other infections such as bacteremia, abscess, peritonitis, otitis media, conjunctivitis, pneumonia, arthritis, osteomyelitis, and periodontal infections.
Treatment
The treatment of choice for HACEK organisms in endocarditis is the third generation cephalosporin and β-Lactam antibiotic ceftriaxone. Ampicillin (a penicillin), combined with low-dose gentamicin (an aminoglycoside) is another therapeutic option.[7]
References
- ^ a b c d e Nørskov-Lauritsen, N (Apr 2014). "Classification, identification, and clinical significance of haemophilus and aggregatibacter species with host specificity for humans". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 27 (2): 214–40. doi:10.1128/CMR.00103-13. PMC 3993099 . PMID 24696434.
- ^ Feder HM, Jr; Roberts, JC; Salazar, J; Leopold, HB; Toro-Salazar, O (Jun 2003). "HACEK endocarditis in infants and children: two cases and a literature review". The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 22 (6): 557–62. doi:10.1097/01.inf.0000069795.12338.cf. PMID 12799515.
- ^ Raza, SS; Sultan, OW; Sohail, MR (Aug 2010). "Gram-negative bacterial endocarditis in adults: state-of-the-heart". Expert review of anti-infective therapy. 8 (8): 879–85. doi:10.1586/eri.10.76. PMID 20695743.
- ^ Chambers, ST; Murdoch, D; Morris, A; Holland, D; Pappas, P; Almela, M; Fernández-Hidalgo, N; Almirante, B; Bouza, E; Forno, D; del Rio, A; Hannan, MM; Harkness, J; Kanafani, ZA; Lalani, T; Lang, S; Raymond, N; Read, K; Vinogradova, T; Woods, CW; Wray, D; Corey, GR; Chu, VH; International Collaboration on Endocarditis Prospective Cohort Study, Investigators (2013). "HACEK infective endocarditis: characteristics and outcomes from a large, multi-national cohort". PLoS ONE. 8 (5): e63181. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063181. PMC 3656887 . PMID 23690995.
- ^ a b c d Sen Yew, H; Chambers, ST; Roberts, SA; Holland, DJ; Julian, KA; Raymond, NJ; Beardsley, J; Read, KM; Murdoch, DR (Jun 2014). "Association between HACEK bacteraemia and endocarditis". Journal of medical microbiology. 63 (Pt 6): 892–5. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.070060-0. PMID 24681996.
- ^ a b c Wassef, N; Rizkalla, E; Shaukat, N; Sluka, M (May 15, 2013). "HACEK-induced endocarditis". BMJ case reports. 2013: bcr2012007359. doi:10.1136/bcr-2012-007359. PMID 23682079.
- ^ [1], eMedicine, HACEK organism infection. June 2005.
- Infectious diseases
- Bacterial disease: Proteobacterial G−
- primarily A00–A79, 001–041, 080–109
|
| α |
| Rickettsiales |
Rickettsiaceae/
(Rickettsioses) |
| Typhus |
- Rickettsia typhi
- Rickettsia prowazekii
- Epidemic typhus, Brill–Zinsser disease, Flying squirrel typhus
|
Spotted
fever |
| Tick-borne |
- Rickettsia rickettsii
- Rocky Mountain spotted fever
- Rickettsia conorii
- Rickettsia japonica
- Rickettsia sibirica
- Rickettsia australis
- Rickettsia honei
- Flinders Island spotted fever
- Rickettsia africae
- Rickettsia parkeri
- Rickettsia aeschlimannii
- Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection
|
| Mite-borne |
- Rickettsia akari
- Orientia tsutsugamushi
|
| Flea-borne |
|
|
|
| Anaplasmataceae |
- Ehrlichiosis: Anaplasma phagocytophilum
- Human granulocytic anaplasmosis, Anaplasmosis
- Ehrlichia chaffeensis
- Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis
- Ehrlichia ewingii
- Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection
|
|
| Rhizobiales |
| Brucellaceae |
|
| Bartonellaceae |
- Bartonellosis: Bartonella henselae
- Bartonella quintana
- Either B. henselae or B. quintana
- Bartonella bacilliformis
- Carrion's disease, Verruga peruana
|
|
|
| β |
| Neisseriales |
| M+ |
- Neisseria meningitidis/meningococcus
- Meningococcal disease, Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome, Meningococcal septicaemia
|
| M− |
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae/gonococcus
|
| ungrouped: |
- Eikenella corrodens/Kingella kingae
- Chromobacterium violaceum
- Chromobacteriosis infection
|
|
| Burkholderiales |
- Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Burkholderia mallei
- Burkholderia cepacia complex
- Bordetella pertussis/Bordetella parapertussis
|
|
| γ |
Enterobacteriales
(OX−) |
| Lac+ |
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Rhinoscleroma, Klebsiella pneumonia
- Klebsiella granulomatis
- Klebsiella oxytoca
- Escherichia coli: Enterotoxigenic
- Enteroinvasive
- Enterohemorrhagic
- O157:H7
- O104:H4
- Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
- Enterobacter aerogenes/Enterobacter cloacae
|
| Slow/weak |
- Serratia marcescens
- Citrobacter koseri/Citrobacter freundii
|
| Lac− |
| H2S+ |
- Salmonella enterica
- Typhoid fever, Paratyphoid fever, Salmonellosis
|
| H2S− |
- Shigella dysenteriae/sonnei/flexneri/boydii
- Shigellosis, Bacillary dysentery
- Proteus mirabilis/Proteus vulgaris
- Yersinia pestis
- Yersinia enterocolitica
- Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
- Far East scarlet-like fever
|
|
|
| Pasteurellales |
| Haemophilus: |
- H. influenzae
- Haemophilus meningitis
- Brazilian purpuric fever
- H. ducreyi
- H. parainfluenzae
|
| Pasteurella multocida |
- Pasteurellosis
- Actinobacillus
|
| Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans |
|
|
| Legionellales |
- Legionella pneumophila/Legionella longbeachae
- Coxiella burnetii
|
| Thiotrichales |
|
| Vibrionaceae |
- Vibrio cholerae
- Vibrio vulnificus
- Vibrio parahaemolyticus
- Vibrio alginolyticus
- Plesiomonas shigelloides
|
| Pseudomonadales |
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Moraxella catarrhalis
- Acinetobacter baumannii
|
| Xanthomonadaceae |
- Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
|
| Cardiobacteriaceae |
|
| Aeromonadales |
- Aeromonas hydrophila/Aeromonas veronii
|
|
| ε |
| Campylobacterales |
- Campylobacter jejuni
- Campylobacteriosis, Guillain–Barré syndrome
- Helicobacter pylori
- Peptic ulcer, MALT lymphoma, Gastric cancer
- Helicobacter cinaedi
|
|
|
Cardiovascular disease (heart) (I00–I52, 390–429)
|
| Ischaemic |
| Coronary disease |
- Coronary artery disease (CAD)
- Coronary artery aneurysm
- Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD)
- Coronary thrombosis
- Coronary vasospasm
- Myocardial bridge
|
| Active ischemia |
- Angina pectoris
- Prinzmetal's angina
- Stable angina
- Acute coronary syndrome
- Myocardial infarction
- Unstable angina
|
| Sequelae |
- hours
- Hibernating myocardium
- Myocardial stunning
- days
- weeks
- Aneurysm of heart / Ventricular aneurysm
- Dressler syndrome
|
|
| Layers |
| Pericardium |
- Pericarditis
- Acute
- Chronic / Constrictive
- Pericardial effusion
- Cardiac tamponade
- Hemopericardium
|
| Myocardium |
- Myocarditis
- Cardiomyopathy
- Dilated
- Hypertrophic
- Restrictive
- Loeffler endocarditis
- Cardiac amyloidosis
- Endocardial fibroelastosis
- Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
|
Endocardium /
valves |
| Endocarditis |
- infective endocarditis
- Subacute bacterial endocarditis
- non-infective endocarditis
- Libman–Sacks endocarditis
- Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
|
| Valves |
- mitral
- regurgitation
- prolapse
- stenosis
- aortic
- tricuspid
- pulmonary
|
|
|
Conduction /
arrhythmia |
| Bradycardia |
- Sinus bradycardia
- Sick sinus syndrome
- Heart block: Sinoatrial
- AV
- Intraventricular
- Bundle branch block
- Right
- Left
- Left anterior fascicle
- Left posterior fascicle
- Bifascicular
- Trifascicular
- Adams–Stokes syndrome
|
Tachycardia
(paroxysmal and sinus) |
| Supraventricular |
- Atrial
- Junctional
- AV nodal reentrant
- Junctional ectopic
|
| Ventricular |
- Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
- Catecholaminergic polymorphic
- Torsades de pointes
|
|
| Premature contraction |
- Atrial
- Junctional
- Ventricular
|
| Pre-excitation syndrome |
- Lown–Ganong–Levine
- Wolff–Parkinson–White
|
| Flutter / fibrillation |
- Atrial flutter
- Ventricular flutter
- Atrial fibrillation
- Ventricular fibrillation
|
| Pacemaker |
- Ectopic pacemaker / Ectopic beat
- Multifocal atrial tachycardia
- Pacemaker syndrome
- Parasystole
- Wandering pacemaker
|
| Long QT syndrome |
- Andersen–Tawil
- Jervell and Lange-Nielsen
- Romano–Ward
|
| Cardiac arrest |
- Sudden cardiac death
- Asystole
- Pulseless electrical activity
- Sinoatrial arrest
|
| Other / ungrouped |
- hexaxial reference system
- Right axis deviation
- Left axis deviation
- QT
- T
- ST
- Osborn wave
- ST elevation
- ST depression
- Strain pattern
|
|
| Cardiomegaly |
- Ventricular hypertrophy
- Left
- Right / Cor pulmonale
- Atrial enlargement
|
| Other |
- Cardiac fibrosis
- Heart failure
- Diastolic heart failure
- Cardiac asthma
- Rheumatic fever
|
