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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/02/19 10:54:59」(JST)

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The Reformed Political League^[1] (GPV; Gereformeerd Politiek Verbond ) was a Dutch orthodox Protestant political party. The GPV is one of the predecessors of the ChristenUnie. The party was a testimonial party.

1 History
- 1.1 1948-1963
- 1.2 1963-2003
- 1.3 Name
2 Ideology and issues
3 Leadership and support
- 3.1 Municipal and provincial government
4 Electorate
5 Organization
- 5.1 Organizational structure
- 5.2 Linked organisations
- 5.3 Pillarized organisations
- 5.4 Relationships to other parties
6 International Comparison
7 Literature
8 References

History[edit]

1948-1963[edit]

The GPV was founded in 1948 as the result of a theological conflict within the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands, which led to the creation of the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated). In 1944 a group of orthodox Protestants left the Reformed Church, because they disagreed with Abraham Kuyper's view that God had created multiple branches of Christianity (Catholicism, Protestantism etc.), each with their own sphere.

In 1948 adherents of the Reformed Church in the Netherlands (Liberated) left the Anti Revolutionary Party, the party linked to the Reformed Church in the Netherlands. On April 1, 1948 they founded the GPV during a congress Amersfoort. Former ARP MP Albertus Zijlstra chaired the congress, and also led the party in its early years.

The party was specifically linked to the liberated Reformed Church. Membership of the church was a pre-requisite for membership of the party. This dogmatic position isolated the party.

The party participated, without success in the 1948, 1952 and 1956 elections. After the 1956 elections the number of seats in parliament was extended, therefore the number of votes needed to obtain a seat was decreased from one percent of vote to two-thirds of one percent of vote. In the 1959 elections it appeared that the GPV had won a seat. Its sole MP, Laning, was asked to visit the queen to advise her on the formation of a new cabinet. After the results were calculated exactly it became clear that the GPV had obtained too few votes for a seat.

1963-2003[edit]

In 1963 the party participated in the elections again and it obtained one seat. It was taken by Pieter Jongeling, who was made top candidate on advice of prominent professor of theology J. Kamphuis. In the 1967 elections they were able to retain their one seat. During the early 1970s a group called Nationaal Evanglisch Verbond (NEV) had left the ARP because they thought the party's alliance with the Catholic People's Party was wrong. They asked the board of the GPV whether they could join their party. This was rejected by the board of the GPV, who said that the party was open only to members of the liberated Reformed Church. This group would later become the Reformatory Political Federation (RPF). In the 1971 election the party was able to obtain a second seat, which they were able to retain 1972. In 1977 Jongeling was replaced by Verbrugh and the party lost one seat. Before the 1981 election Verbrugh was replaced by Schutte, who would lead the party until 2001. He was able to retain the one seat in 1981, 1982 and 1986, and he won a second seat in 1989. In the 1994 elections the party retained its two seats. In 1993 the GPV officially opened itself to non-liberated members. This started a slow process of cooperation between the GPV and the RPF, another orthodox Protestant party. From 1998 the two parliamentary parties began to cooperate, holding common meanings and appointing common spokespersons. The fact that the GPV had only two seats and the RPF three inhibited the cooperation. In 1999 their parliamentary parties in the Senate officially merged, forming one parliamentary party. In 2001 the same happened in the House of Representatives. In 2002 they presented a common list of candidates for the House of Representatives, entering the elections as ChristenUnie: they obtained four seats. In 2003 the GPV officially disbanded, making its fusion into the ChristenUnie final.

Name[edit]

The GPV chose for the name Gereformeerd Politiek Verbond (Reformed Political Alliance), because it wanted to convey that it was a reformed party, and that its organization was decentralized: the GPV was primarily an alliance of local branches.

Ideology and issues[edit]

In its first years the GPV did not have a separate election manifesto or manifesto of principles. Instead it claimed to base its policy directly on the bible. In 1967 the first manifesto of principles was published, in which the party again stressed that the Bible was the basis of their policy. The party saw the Netherlands as a Protestant nation, which should be defended.

In practice this meant that the GPV took the following stances:

The GPV was against European Integration, because they distrusted the Catholic nature of the project;
The party was in favour of a strong defense;
The GPV was staunchly monarchist because they saw the Dutch Monarchy as a God given institution;
Originally the party wanted the government to decrease its influence on society, allowing for private initiative and civil society to take over some of its functions, during the 1980s the party wanted to retain the welfare state and paid attention to the environment;
The GPV defended the system of special schools, which allowed for schools to be founded on liberated reformed principles;
The party favoured the independence of South Maluku and Irian Jaya, and supported Apartheid in South Africa;
As an orthodox Christian party the party was against the Dutch policy on soft drugs, same-sex marriage, prostitution, abortion and euthanasia

Leadership and support[edit]

This table shows the GPV's results in elections to the House of Representatives, Senate and European Parliament, as well as the party's political leadership: the fractievoorzitter, is the chair of the parliamentary party and the lijsttrekker is the party's top candidate in the general election, these posts are normally taken by the party's leader. The membership of the GPV is also represented.

Year	HoR	S	EP	Lijsttrekker	Fractievoorzitter	membership
1948	0	0	n/a	did not participate	none	unknown
1949	0	0	n/a	no elections	none	unknown
1950	0	0	n/a	no elections	none	1,200
1951	0	0	n/a	no elections	none	2,250
1952	0	0	n/a	Albertus Zijlstra	none	3,300
1953	0	0	n/a	no elections	none	unknown
1954	0	0	n/a	no elections	none	5,100
1955	0	0	n/a	no elections	none	5,600
1956	0	0	n/a	L.P. Laning	none	5,400
1957	0	0	n/a	no elections	none	5,820
1958	0	0	n/a	no elections	none	6,400
1959	0	0	n/a	L.P. Laning	none	6,500
1960	0	0	n/a	no elections	none	6,311
1961	0	0	n/a	no elections	none	6,223
1962	0	0	n/a	no elections	none	6,608
1963	1	0	n/a	Piet Jongeling	Piet Jongeling	7,039
1964	1	0	n/a	no elections	Piet Jongeling	7,146
1965	1	0	n/a	no elections	Piet Jongeling	7,200
1966	1	0	n/a	no elections	Piet Jongeling	8,005
1967	1	0	n/a	Piet Jongeling	Piet Jongeling	8,355
1968	1	0	n/a	no elections	Piet Jongeling	8,028
1969	1	0	n/a	no elections	Piet Jongeling	7,823
1970	1	0	n/a	no elections	Piet Jongeling	8,702
1971	2	0	n/a	Piet Jongeling	Piet Jongeling	8,973
1972	2	0	n/a	Piet Jongeling	Piet Jongeling	9,491
1973	2	0	n/a	no elections	Piet Jongeling	9,836
1974	2	0	n/a	no elections	Piet Jongeling	10,498
1975	2	0	n/a	no elections	Piet Jongeling	10,728
1976	2	0	n/a	no elections	Piet Jongeling	11,371
1977	1	1	n/a	Bart Verbrugh	Bart Verbrugh	12,000
1978	1	1	n/a	no elections	Bart Verbrugh	12,463
1979	1	1	0	no elections	Bart Verbrugh	12,700
1980	1	1	0	no elections	Bart Verbrugh	12,922
1981	1	0	0	Gert Schutte	Gert Schutte	13,181
1982	1	0	0	Gert Schutte	Gert Schutte	13,114
1983	1	1	0	no elections	Gert Schutte	13,181
1984	1	1	0	no elections	Gert Schutte	12,909
1985	1	1	0	no elections	Gert Schutte	13,044
1986	1	1	0	Gert Schutte	Gert Schutte	13,365
1987	1	1	0	no elections	Gert Schutte	13,554
1988	1	1	0	no elections	Gert Schutte	12,639
1989	2	1	0	Gert Schutte	Gert Schutte	13,015
1990	2	1	0	no elections	Gert Schutte	12,917
1991	2	1	0	no elections	Gert Schutte	14,276
1992	2	1	0	no elections	Gert Schutte	14,358
1993	2	1	0	no elections	Gert Schutte	14,179
1994	2	1	1**	Gert Schutte	Gert Schutte	14,269
1995	2	1	1**	no elections	Gert Schutte	14,650
1996	2	1	1**	no elections	Gert Schutte	14,535
1997	2	1	1**	no elections	Gert Schutte	14,366
1998	2	1	1**	Gert Schutte	Gert Schutte	14,121
1999	2	2*	1**	no elections	Gert Schutte	13,687
2000	2	2*	1**	no elections	Gert Schutte	12,940
2001	2	2*	1**	no elections	Eimert van Middelkoop	unknown

*: in a combined parliamentary party with the RPF; **: in a combined parliamentary party with the Reformatory Political Federation and the Political Reformed Party.

Municipal and provincial government[edit]

The party had some representatives in the provincial legislatives of Gelderland, Utrecht and South Holland, which form part of the Dutch Bible belt it also held some representation in Groningen. It never cooperated in any provincial executives.

The party had several mayors in small municipalities in the Dutch Bible belt. In the same region the party cooperated in local executives.

Electorate[edit]

The GPV's electorate was almost entirely made up out of members of the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated). These were concentrated in Gelderland, Utrecht and South Holland, which form part of the Dutch Bible belt, and Groningen

Organization[edit]

Organizational structure[edit]

The highest organ of the GPV was the congres, it is formed by delegates from the municipal branches. It convenes once every year. It appoints the party board and decides the order of candidates on electoral lists for the Senate, House of Representatives and European Parliament, and has the last word on the party program. The party secretariat was located in Dordrecht and later in Amersfoort.

Linked organisations[edit]

The party published Ons Politeuma ("Our citizenship"). It scientific institute was the Groen van Prinsterer Stichting ("Groen van Prinsterer Foundation") and its education institute was Mandaat - Gereformeerd Politiek Vormingswerk ("Mandate, Reformed Political Education work"). Its youth organization was the Gereformeerde Politieke Jongeren Club ("Reformed Political Youth Club"), which published Plein ("Square") and Stand-By.

Pillarized organisations[edit]

The party had a small liberated Reformed pillar around, consisting out of like minded organizations. Most prominent was the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated). The paper Nederlands Dagblad was closely linked to the GPV, until 1974 Pieter Jongeling, who also led the parliamentary party, led the paper. The Kampen Theological University of the Reformed Church (Liberated) was also linked to the liberated Reformed Church.

Relationships to other parties[edit]

Before 1981 the party was very isolated, this was caused by their own dogmatic position on non-liberated Christians. Nonetheless the knowledge and conscience of its MPs was respected throughout parliament.

After 1981 the party began to cooperate with more with other parties, especially with the orthodox Protestant Political Reformed Party (SGP) and Reformatory Political Federation (RPF). In 1981 the GPV allowed municipal branches to cooperate with branches of other parties, this led to the formation of several combined lists with either the SGP or RPF or both. In 1984 the party entered in the European elections with a combined list the RPF and SGP. It won only one seat. In 1994 they were more successful and won two seats, one of which was taken by the GPV.

In 1993 the party allowed non-liberated to become member of the party, this started a slow cooperation process with the RPF which resulted in the fusion in the ChristenUnie in 2003.

International Comparison[edit]

Internationally the party was comparable to the American Christian Right and the small Protestant parties of Scandinavia, such as the Christian Democratic Party of Norway, the Swedish and Danish Christian Democrats. The party has never been in a government coalition however, instead it has chosen to voice its concerns with government policy, while acknowledging that they are not big enough to force their opinion upon others.

Literature[edit]

Klei, E.H., 'Klein maar krachtig, dat maakt ons uniek'. Een geschiedenis van het GPV, 1948-2003 (Amsterdam 2011).

References[edit]

^ Translation used by Andeweg and Irwin in Governance and Politics of the Netherlands (2002:45)

English Journal

The structure-function relationship of thrombin-like enzymes from the green pit viper (Trimeresurus albolabris).

Pradniwat P1, Rojnuckarin P2.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology.Toxicon.2015 Jun 15;100:53-9. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.04.005. Epub 2015 Apr 22.
Pit viper venoms can decrease fibrinogen levels in snakebite patients. Studies have shown that the hypofibrinogenemia is a consequence of snake venom thrombin-like enzymes (TLEs), the serine proteases that have the potential to be both diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Exosites of thrombin are the
PMID 25912946

Qualitative and quantitative modifications of von willebrand factor in patients with essential thrombocythemia and controlled platelet count.

Lancellotti S1, Dragani A2, Ranalli P2, Petrucci G3, Basso M1, Tartaglione R4, Rocca B3, De Cristofaro R1.
Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH.J Thromb Haemost.2015 Apr 15. doi: 10.1111/jth.12967. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is characterized by increased platelets and prevalent thrombosis. An acquired Von Willebrand factor (VWF) disease has been hypothesized and inconsistently associated with extreme thrombocytosis or rare bleedings in ET. Whether VWF is modified in ET patients
PMID 25876231

Generation and evaluation of a recombinant genotype VII Newcastle disease virus expressing VP3 protein of Goose parvovirus as a bivalent vaccine in goslings.

Wang J1, Cong Y1, Yin R1, Feng N2, Yang S2, Xia X2, Xiao Y3, Wang W3, Liu X4, Hu S4, Ding C5, Yu S5, Wang C6, Ding Z7.
Virus research.Virus Res.2015 Apr 13;203:77-83. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.04.006. [Epub ahead of print]
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and Goose parvovirus (GPV) are considered to be two of the most important and widespread viruses infecting geese. In this study, we generated a recombinant rmNA-VP3, expressing GPV VP3 using a modified goose-origin NDV NA-1 by changing the multi-basic cleavage site moti
PMID 25882914

Japanese Journal

太陽光発電の広域予測における近隣気象インフラを用いた学習手法 (新エネルギー・環境メタボリズム社会・環境システム合同研究会再生可能エネルギーの発電予測とシステム技術)

大関崇,G. S. Fonseca Jr. Joao,大竹秀明 [他]
電気学会研究会資料. MES 2015(1-7・9・11-12), 51-53, 2015-01-15
NAID 40020341849

瀬戸内海周辺海域を対象とした台風通過時の広域海洋熱収支解析

内山雄介,西井達也
土木学会論文集B3（海洋開発） 71(2), I_383-I_388, 2015
… バルク法を組み込んだROMSをベースにした2段ネスト瀬戸内海高解像度海洋流動モデルを構築し，GPV-MSMおよびJCOPE2再解析値を境界条件に用いて，2012年，2013年の夏期から秋期にかけて同海域に接近・通過した5つの台風による広域水温低下現象について熱収支解析により詳細に検討した．瀬戸内海全体の水温変動に対する豊後水道－紀伊水道間の水平移流熱輸送の影響は大きくなく，海表面から入射する正味の熱フラック …
NAID 130005097394

ロシア軍装備更新計画GPV-2020(第3回)防空・ミサイル防衛システムを重点形成誕生!ロシア待望の新型戦車"T-14"

小泉悠
軍事研究 49(11), 205-218, 2014-11
NAID 40020233078

Related Pictures

hermetyczne / Napięciowe / GPV-20-12 Onlinecarstereo.com - Wholesale Deals at Side view of GPV-Commander wheeled vehicle

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「CD42」「GpV」
関連記事	「G」「GP」

「CD42」

　　[★]

関: CD

発現細胞

血小板、巨核芽球

分子量

a:23, B:135&23, c:22, d:85

機能

binds von Willebrand factor, thrombin; essential for platelet adhesion at sites of injury

別名

a: GPIX, b:GPIbα, c:GPIbβ, d: GPV

ファミリー

leucine-rich repeat

「GpV」

　　[★]

同: GPV
関: GpIb, GpIX, GpV

「G」

　　[★]

「GP」

　　[★]

糖タンパク質

関: glycoprotein

[1] Translation used by Andeweg and Irwin in Governance and Politics of the Netherlands (2002:45)

匿名

検索

案内

案内

GPV