伝達物質、伝達分子、情報伝達分子、情報伝達物質、トランスミッター

WordNet

set used to broadcast radio or tv signals (同)sender
an early radio transmitter using a discharge across a spark gap as the source of its power
transmitter that is part of a television system

PrepTutorEJDIC

送る(伝える)人(物) / (テレビ・ラジオの)送信機 / (電話の)送話器,(電報の)送信器

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/05/10 23:38:37」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For biologic transmitters, see transmitter substance.

Commercial FM broadcasting transmitter at radio station WDET-FM, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA. It broadcasts at 101.9 MHz with a radiated power of 48 kW.

A radio transmitter is usually part of a radio communication system which uses electromagnetic waves (radio waves) to transport information (in this case sound) over a distance.

In electronics and telecommunications a transmitter or radio transmitter is an electronic device which, with the aid of an antenna, produces radio waves. The transmitter itself generates a radio frequency alternating current, which is applied to the antenna. When excited by this alternating current, the antenna radiates radio waves. In addition to their use in broadcasting, transmitters are necessary component parts of many electronic devices that communicate by radio, such as cell phones, wireless computer networks, Bluetooth enabled devices, garage door openers, two-way radios in aircraft, ships, and spacecraft, radar sets, and navigational beacons. The term transmitter is usually limited to equipment that generates radio waves for communication purposes; or radiolocation, such as radar and navigational transmitters. Generators of radio waves for heating or industrial purposes, such as microwave ovens or diathermy equipment, are not usually called transmitters even though they often have similar circuits.

The term is popularly used more specifically to refer to a broadcast transmitter, a transmitter used in broadcasting, as in FM radio transmitter or television transmitter. This usage usually includes both the transmitter proper, the antenna, and often the building it is housed in.

An unrelated use of the term is in industrial process control, where a "transmitter" is a telemetry device which converts measurements from a sensor into a signal, and sends it, usually via wires, to be received by some display or control device located a distance away.

Description [edit]

A transmitter can be a separate piece of electronic equipment, or an electrical circuit within another electronic device. A transmitter and receiver combined in one unit is called a transceiver. The term transmitter is often abbreviated "XMTR" or "TX" in technical documents. The purpose of most transmitters is radio communication of information over a distance. The information is provided to the transmitter in the form of an electronic signal, such as an audio (sound) signal from a microphone, a video (TV) signal from a video camera, or in wireless networking devices a digital signal from a computer. The transmitter combines the information signal to be carried with the radio frequency signal which generates the radio waves, which is often called the carrier. This process is called modulation. The information can be added to the carrier in several different ways, in different types of transmitter. In an amplitude modulation (AM) transmitter, the information is added to the radio signal by varying its amplitude. In a frequency modulation (FM) transmitter, it is added by varying the radio signal's frequency slightly. Many other types of modulation are used.

The antenna may be enclosed inside the case or attached to the outside of the transmitter, as in portable devices such as cell phones, walkie-talkies, and garage door openers. In more powerful transmitters, the antenna may be located on top of a building or on a separate tower, and connected to the transmitter by a feed line, that is a transmission line.

Radio transmitters

Continental 816R-5B 35 kilowatt FM transmitter, belonging to American FM radio station KWNR broadcasting on 95.5 MHz in Las Vegas.

Modern amateur radio transceiver, the ICOM IC-746PRO. It can transmit on the amateur bands from 1.8 MHz to 144 MHz with an output power of 100 W.

A CB radio transceiver, a two way radio transmitting on 27 MHz with a power of 4 watts, that can be operated without a license

Emergency Locator Beacon transmitter carried on ships. If the ship sinks, the beacon broadcasts a distress radio signal on 406 MHz which is picked up by a Search and Rescue satellite to find the ship.

Consumer products that contain transmitters

A cordless phone. Both the handset and the base contain low power 2.4 GHz radio transmitters to communicate with each other

A garage door opener control contains a low-power 2.4 GHz transmitter that sends coded commands to the garage door mechanism to open or close.

An RFID chip (next to rice grain) contains a tiny transmitter that transmits an identification number. They are incorporated into consumer products, and even implanted in pets.

In a wireless computer network, wireless routers like this contain a 2.4 GHz transmitter that sends downloaded web pages and email to local computers.

Legal restrictions [edit]

In most parts of the world, use of transmitters is strictly controlled by law because of the potential for dangerous interference with other radio transmissions (for example to emergency communications). Transmitters must be licensed by governments, under a variety of license classes depending on use: (broadcast, marine radio, Airband, Amateur etc.), and are restricted to certain frequencies and power levels. In some classes each transmitter is given a unique call sign consisting of a string of letters and numbers which must be used as an identifier in transmissions. The operator of the transmitter usually must hold a government license, such as a general radiotelephone operator license, which is obtained by passing a test demonstrating adequate technical and legal knowledge of safe radio operation.

An exception is made allowing the unlicensed use of low-power short-range transmitters in devices such as cell phones, cordless telephones, wireless microphones, walkie-talkies, Wifi and Bluetooth devices, garage door openers, and baby monitors. In the US, these fall under Part 15 of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulations. Although they can be operated without a license, these devices still generally must be type-approved before sale.

How it works [edit]

A radio transmitter is an electronic circuit which transforms electric power from a battery or electrical mains into a radio frequency alternating current, which reverses direction millions to billions of times per second. The energy in such a rapidly-reversing current can radiate off a conductor (the antenna) as electromagnetic waves (radio waves). The transmitter also "piggybacks" information, such as an audio or video signal, onto the radio frequency current to be carried by the radio waves. When they strike the antenna of a radio receiver, the waves excite similar (but less powerful) radio frequency currents in it. The radio receiver extracts the information from the received waves. A practical radio transmitter usually consists of these parts:

A power supply circuit to transform the input electrical power to the higher voltages needed to produce the required power output.
An electronic oscillator circuit to generate the radio frequency signal. This usually generates a sine wave of constant amplitude often called the carrier wave, because it serves to "carry" the information through space. In most modern transmitters this is a crystal oscillator in which the frequency is precisely controlled by the vibrations of a quartz crystal.
A modulator circuit to add the information to be transmitted to the carrier wave produced by the oscillator. This is done by varying some aspect of the carrier wave. The information is provided to the transmitter either in the form of an audio signal, which represents sound, a video signal, or for data in the form of a binary digital signal.
- In an AM (amplitude modulation) transmitter the amplitude (strength) of the carrier wave is varied in proportion to the modulation signal.
- In an FM (frequency modulation) transmitter the frequency of the carrier is varied by the modulation signal.
- In an FSK (frequency-shift keying) transmitter, which transmits digital data, the frequency of the carrier is shifted between two frequencies which represent the two binary digits, 0 and 1.

Many other types of modulation are also used. In large transmitters the oscillator and modulator together are often referred to as the exciter.

An RF power amplifier to increase the power of the signal, to increase the range of the radio waves.
An impedance matching (antenna tuner) circuit to match the impedance of the transmitter to the impedance of the antenna (or the transmission line to the antenna), to transfer power efficiently to the antenna. If these impedances are not equal, it causes a condition called standing waves, in which the power is reflected back from the antenna toward the transmitter, wasting power and sometimes overheating the transmitter.

In higher frequency transmitters, in the UHF and microwave range, oscillators that operate stably at the output frequency cannot be built. In these transmitters the oscillator usually operates at a lower frequency, and is multiplied by frequency multipliers to get a signal at the desired frequency.

History [edit]

The first primitive radio transmitters (called Hertzian oscillators) were built by German physicist Heinrich Hertz in 1887 during his pioneering investigations of radio waves. These generated radio waves by a high voltage spark between two conductors. These spark-gap transmitters were used during the first three decades of radio (1887-1917), called the wireless telegraphy era. They couldn't transmit audio and instead transmitted information by telegraphy, the operator spelling out text messages in Morse code. Short-lived competing techniques came into use after the turn of the century, such as the Alexanderson alternator and Poulsen Arc transmitters. But all these early technologies were replaced by vacuum tube transmitters in the 1920s, because they were inexpensive and produced continuous waves, which could be modulated to transmit audio (sound) using amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM). This made possible commercial AM radio broadcasting, which began in about 1920. The current form of FM transmission was invented by Edwin Armstrong in 1933, and the first FM radio station was licensed in 1937. The development of radar during World War II was a great stimulus to the evolution of high frequency transmitters in the UHF and microwave ranges, using new devices such as the magnetron, klystron, and traveling wave tube. In recent years, the need to conserve crowded radio spectrum bandwidth has driven the development of new types of transmitters such as spread spectrum.

References [edit]

External links [edit]

Look up transmitter in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

International Telecommunication Union
Jim Hawkins' Radio and Broadcast Technology Page
WCOV-TV's Transmitter Technical Website
Major UK television transmitters including change of group information, see Transmitter Planning section.
Details of UK digital television transmitters
Richard Moore's Anorak Zone Photo Gallery of UK TV and Radio transmission sites

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Japanese Journal

Effects of Channel Correlation on Outage Secrecy Capacity (Preprint)

Jinxiao Zhu,Xiaohong Jiang,Osamu Takahashi,Norio Shiratori
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… Under the assumption that before transmission the transmitter only knows the channel state information (CSI) of the main channel but has no idea about the CSI of the eavesdropper channel, we derive the asymptotic outage probability and also asymptotic outage secrecy capacity as the transmission power goes to infinity, which cover the corresponding results when the main and eavesdropper channels are independent as special cases. …
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NAID 150000107159

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「神経伝達物質」「伝達分子」「情報伝達分子」「情報伝達物質」「トランスミッター」
拡張検索	「neurotransmitter agent」「plasma membrane neurotransmitter transport protein」「neurotransmitter uptake inhibitor」「uptake inhibitor of neurotransmitter」

「神経伝達物質」

　　[★]

英: neurotransmitter (SP)
同: ニューロトランスミッター、化学的伝達物質化学伝達物質 chemical transmitter、伝達物質 transmitter

概念

シナプス前ニューロンからシナプス後ニューロンへ興奮性もしくは抑制性の情報を伝える化学物質。

作用の方向で分類

興奮性

アセチルコリン

グルタミン酸

抑制性

GABA

グリシン

部位で分類

中枢神経	末梢神経
中枢神経	遠心性	求心性
グルタミン酸	アセチルコリン	サブスタンスP
GABA	ノルエピネフリン	CGRP
グリシン	(エピネフリン)
ドーパミン
エピネフリン
セロトニン
アセチルコリン
ヒスタミン
エンドルフィン
ノシセプチン