WordNet

come into the company of; "She joined him for a drink"
cause to become joined or linked; "join these two parts so that they fit together" (同)bring together
make contact or come together; "The two roads join here" (同)conjoin
become part of; become a member of a group or organization; "He joined the Communist Party as a young man" (同)fall_in, get together
united or combined; "a joint session of Congress"; "joint owners"
marijuana leaves rolled into a cigarette for smoking (同)marijuana cigarette, reefer, stick, spliff
a disreputable place of entertainment
junction by which parts or objects are joined together
(anatomy) the point of connection between two bones or elements of a skeleton (especially if it allows motion) (同)articulation, articulatio
provide with a joint; "the carpenter jointed two pieces of wood" (同)articulate
affecting or involving two or more; "joint income-tax return"; "joint ownership"
fasten with a joint
fit as if by joints; "The boards fit neatly"
involving both houses of a legislature; "a joint session of Congress"
separate (meat) at the joint
relating to or secreting synovia
viscid lubricating fluid secreted by the membrane lining joints and tendon sheaths etc. (同)synovial_fluid

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈二つ以上のもの〉‘を'『つなぐ』,結合する《+『名』+『together』(『up』)》;(…に)…‘を'つなぐ《+『名』+『to』(『onto』)+『名』》 / (線などで)〈二つ以上のもの〉‘の'間を結ぶ(つなぐ)《+『名』+『by』(『with』)+『名』》 / (友情・結婚などで)〈人〉‘を'結びつける《+『名』+『in』+『名』》 / 〈川・道などが〉…‘と'いっしょになる,合流する / 〈会など〉‘に'『加入する』 / (…で)〈人〉‘の'『仲間に入る』,‘と'いっしょになる《+『名』〈人〉+『in』(『for』)+『名』,+『名』〈人〉+『in』do『ing』》 / (…に)『加わる』《+『in』+『名』〈事〉/+『in』『with』+『名』〈人〉》 / (人と…を)『ともにする』《+『with』+『名』〈人〉+『in』+『名』(doing)》 / 〈川・道などが〉『いっしょになる』,合流する / 接合箇所(点,面,線);継ぎ目
『関節』 / 『継ぎ目』,接合箇所,合わせ目 / 継ぎ目と継ぎ目の間の部分,節 / (二つの部分を継いだり支えたりするのに用いる)継ぎ手,ジョイント / (枝や葉の)つけ根,節 / (骨付きの)肉の大切り身 / 《俗》安酒場,とばく宿,アヘン窟(くつ) / 『共同の』,共有の;連帯の,連合の / 両院合同の;二院制議会の両院の / …‘を'継ぎ合わせる;…‘を'継ぎ目(関節)でつなぐ / …‘を'継ぎ目で分ける;〈鳥・肉など〉‘を'関節で切り分ける

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/21 20:51:21」(JST)

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A synovial joint, also known as diarthrosis, is the most common and most movable type of joint in the body of a mammal. As with most other joints, synovial joints achieve movement at the point of contact of the articulating bones.

Structural and functional differences distinguish synovial joints from cartilaginous joints (synchondroses and symphyses) and fibrous joints (sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses). The main structural differences between synovial and fibrous joints are the existence of capsules surrounding the articulating surfaces of a synovial joint and the presence of lubricating synovial fluid within those capsules (synovial cavities).

Structure

Synovial joints contain the following structures:

Synovial cavity: all diarthroses have the characteristic space between the bones that is filled with synovial fluid
Articular capsule: the fibrous capsule, continuous with the periosteum of articulating bones, surrounds the diarthrosis and unites the articulating bones; the articular capsule consists of two layers - (1) the outer fibrous membrane that may contain ligaments and (2) the inner synovial membrane that secretes the lubricating, shock absorbing, and joint-nourishing synovial fluid; the articular capsule is highly innervated, but avascular (lacking blood and lymph vessels), and receives nutrition from the surrounding blood supply via either diffusion (a slow process) or by convection, a far more efficient process achieved through exercise
Articular cartilage: the bones of a synovial joint are covered by this layer of hyaline cartilage that lines the epiphyses of joint end of bone with a smooth, slippery surface that does not bind them together; articular cartilage functions to absorb shock and reduce friction during movement

Many, but not all, synovial joints also contain additional structures:^[1]

Articular discs or menisci - the fibrocartilage pads between opposing surfaces in a joint
Articular fat pads - adipose tissue pads that protect the articular cartilage, as seen in the infrapatellar fat pad in the knee
Tendons^[1] - cords of dense regular connective tissue composed of parallel bundles of collagen fibers
Accessory ligaments (extracapsular and intracapsular) - the fibers of some fibrous membranes are arranged in parallel bundles of dense regular connective tissue that are highly adapted for resisting strains to prevent extreme movements that may damage the articulation^{[citation needed]}
Bursae - saclike structures that are situated strategically to alleviate friction in some joints (shoulder and knee) that are filled with fluid that is similar to synovial fluid^[2]^{[page needed]}

The bone surrounding the joint on the proximal side is sometimes called the plafond, especially in the talocrural joint. A damage to this occurs in a Gosselin fracture.

Blood supply

The blood supply of a synovial joint is derived from the arteries sharing in the anastomosis around the joint.

Types

There are six types of synovial joints.^[3] Some are relatively immobile, but are more stable. Others have multiple degrees of freedom, but at the expense of greater risk of injury.^[3] In ascending order of mobility, they are:

Name	Example	Description
Gliding joints (or plane joints)	carpals of the wrist, acromioclavicular joint	These joints allow only gliding or sliding movements, are multi-axial such as the articulation between vertebrae.
Hinge joints	elbow (between the humerus and the ulna)	These joints act as a door hinge does, allowing flexion and extension in just one plane
Pivot joints	atlanto-axial joint, proximal radioulnar joint, and distal radioulnar joint	One bone rotates about another
Condyloid joints (or ellipsoidal joints)	wrist joint (radiocarpal joint)	A condyloid joint is where two bones fit together with an odd^{[citation needed]} shape (e.g. an ellipse), and one bone is concave, the other convex; some classifications make a distinction between condyloid and ellipsoid joints;^[4]^[5] these joints allow flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction movements (circumduction).
Saddle joints	Carpometacarpal or trapeziometacarpal joint of thumb (between the metacarpal and carpal - trapezium), sternoclavicular joint	Saddle joints, which resemble a saddle, permit the same movements as the condyloid joints but allow greater movement
Ball and socket joints "universal Joint"	shoulder (glenohumeral) and hip joints	These allow for all movements except gliding
Compound joints^[6]^[7] / modified hinge joints^{[citation needed]}	knee joint	condylar joint (condyles of femur join with condyles of tibia) and saddle joint (lower end of femur joins with patella)

Function

The movements possible with synovial joints are:

abduction: movement away from the mid-line of the body
adduction: movement toward the mid-line of the body
extension: straightening limbs at a joint
flexion: bending the limbs at a joint
rotation: a circular movement around a fixed point

Clinical significance

The shape of articular surfaces
Capsule and ligaments
Muscle tone
Gravity
Atmospheric pressure

References

^ ^a ^b Drake et al. (2009) Gray's Anatomy for Students, 2nd Edition, Skeletal system, p.21
^ Tortora & Derrickson () Principles of Anatomy & Physiology, 12th Edition, Pub: Wiley & Sons
^ ^a ^b Umich 2010 couse, Module - Introduction to Joints
^ Rogers, Kara (2010) Bone and Muscle: Structure, Force, and Motion p.157
^ Sharkey, John (2008) The Concise Book of Neuromuscular Therapy p.33
^ Moini (2011) Introduction to Pathology for the Physical Therapist Assistant pp.231-2
^ The Biophysical Foundations Of Human Movement (2005) By Bruce Abernethy pp.23, 331

UpToDate Contents

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1. 滑液検査および化膿性関節炎の診断 synovial fluid analysis and the diagnosis of septic arthritis
2. 慢性関節リウマチにおける滑膜異常 synovial pathology in rheumatoid arthritis
3. 関節血腫 hemarthrosis
4. 筋骨格系超音波検査：関節およびその他の構造のガイド下での注射および吸引 musculoskeletal ultrasonography guided injection and aspiration of joints and related structures
5. 手首の解剖学および基本的な生体力学 anatomy and basic biomechanics of the wrist

English Journal

Spectrum of synovial pathologies: a pictorial assay.

Jaganathan S, Goyal A, Gadodia A, Rastogi S, Mittal R, Gamanagatti S.SourceDepartment of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
Current problems in diagnostic radiology.Curr Probl Diagn Radiol.2012 Jan;41(1):30-42.
The synovium, a specialized vascular tissue, lines the diarthrodial joints, bursae, and tendon sheaths of the body. It helps in nourishment of articular structures. The synovium is affected by a variety of disorders that can be either localized or systemic. Although normal synovium is barely percept
PMID 22085660

Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound reduces the inflammatory activity of synovitis.

Nakamura T, Fujihara S, Yamamoto-Nagata K, Katsura T, Inubushi T, Tanaka E.SourceDepartment of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan.
Annals of biomedical engineering.Ann Biomed Eng.2011 Dec;39(12):2964-71. Epub 2011 Sep 22.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) on the cell proliferation and growth of synovial membrane cells stimulated with inflammatory cytokines, and to evaluate the effectiveness of LIPUS treatment of synovitis in the knee joints of animal models
PMID 21938555

Japanese Journal

Amelioration by the Natural Polyamine Spermine of Cartilage and Bone Destruction in Rats With Collagen-Induced Arthritis

Iezaki Takashi,Hinoi Eiichi,Yamamoto Tomomi [他],ISHIURA Ryo,OGAWA Shinya,YONEDA Yukio
Journal of pharmacological sciences 119(1), 107-111, 2012-05-20
… We investigated pharmacological properties of naturally occurring polyamines on cartilage and bone destruction seen in joints of rats with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). … Daily supplementation of spermine (SPM), but not spermidine, significantly inhibited increases in the hind paw volume and arthritis score in CIA rats, in addition to the increased mRNA expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-<I>κ</I>B ligand in both cartilage and synovial tissues. …
NAID 10030760536

Remobilization Does Not Restore Immobilization-Induced Adhesion of Capsule and Restricted Joint Motion in Rat Knee Joints

ANDO Akira,SUDA Hideaki,HAGIWARA Yoshihiro,ONODA Yoshito,CHIMOTO Eiichi,ITOI Eiji
Tohoku journal of experimental medicine 227(1), 13-22, 2012-05-01
NAID 10030613097

中頭蓋窩への進展を伴う顎関節滑膜軟骨腫症の1例

儀武啓幸,佐藤文明,木野孔司
TMJ : journal of Japanese Society for Temporomandibular Joint = 日本顎関節学会雑誌 24(1), 17-21, 2012-04-20
滑膜軟骨腫症は，滑膜に内包，あるいは滑膜から遊離した軟骨塊または多数の軟骨粒が，関節腔に認められる病変であり，膝関節や肘関節などに発症することが多いが，顎関節に発症することは比較的まれである。今回われわれは，中頭蓋窩に進展していた右側顎関節の滑膜軟骨腫症の治療を経験したので報告する。患者は72歳の男性で，右側顎関節部の疼痛と，下顎偏位を伴う咬合不全を主訴に，東京医科歯科大学歯学部附属病院顎顔面外 …
NAID 10030625028

「関節」

Synovial joint
	Structure of synovial joint
	Types of synovial joints. Clockwise from top-right: Ball and socket joint, Condyloid joint, Plane joint, Saddle joint, Hinge joint and Pivot joint.
Details
Latin	junctura synovialis
Identifiers
TA	A03.0.00.020
FMA	7501
	Anatomical terminology