synovial fluid

関節液

WordNet

1. subject to change; variable; "a fluid situation fraught with uncertainty"; "everything was unstable following the coup" (同)unstable
2. a substance that is fluid at room temperature and pressure
3. continuous amorphous matter that tends to flow and to conform to the outline of its container: a liquid or a gas
4. in cash or easily convertible to cash; "liquid (or fluid) assets" (同)liquid
5. affording change (especially in social status); "Britain is not a truly fluid society"; "upwardly mobile" (同)mobile
6. characteristic of a fluid; capable of flowing and easily changing shape (同)runny
7. relating to or secreting synovia
8. viscid lubricating fluid secreted by the membrane lining joints and tendon sheaths etc. (同)synovial_fluid

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 『流体』,流動体 / 『流動性の』,流動する / 流体の,流動体から成る / 変わりやすい,固定していない,浮動する
2. インフルエンザ,流感

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/03/05 17:34:51」(JST)

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A typical joint

Synovial fluid is a viscous, non-Newtonian fluid found in the cavities of synovial joints. With its yolk-like consistency ("synovial" partially derives from ovum, Latin for egg), the principal role of synovial fluid is to reduce friction between the articular cartilage of synovial joints during movement.

Overview

The inner membrane of synovial joints is called the synovial membrane and secretes synovial fluid into the joint cavity. The fluid contains hyaluronic acid secreted by fibroblast-like cells in the synovial membrane and interstitial fluid filtered from the blood plasma. This fluid forms a thin layer (roughly 50 μm) at the surface of cartilage and also seeps into microcavities and irregularities in the articular cartilage surface, filling all empty space. The fluid in articular cartilage effectively serves as a synovial fluid reserve. During movement, the synovial fluid held in the cartilage is squeezed out mechanically to maintain a layer of fluid on the cartilage surface (so-called weeping lubrication). The functions of the synovial fluid include:

• reduction of friction - synovial fluid lubricates the articulating joints
• shock absorption - as a dilatant fluid, synovial fluid is characterized by the rare quality of becoming more viscous under applied pressure; the synovial fluid in diarthrotic joints becomes thick the moment shear is applied in order to protect the joint and subsequently thins to normal viscosity instantaneously to resume its lubricating function between shocks
• nutrient and waste transportation - the fluid supplies oxygen and nutrients and removes carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes from the chondrocytes within the surrounding cartilage

Composition

Synovial tissue is sterile and composed of vascularized connective tissue that lacks a basement membrane. Two cell types (type A and type B) are present: Type A is derived from blood monocytes, and it removes the wear-and-tear debris from the synovial fluid. Type B produces synovial fluid. Synovial fluid is made of hyaluronic acid and lubricin, proteinases, and collagenases. Synovial fluid exhibits non-Newtonian flow characteristics; the viscosity coefficient is not a constant and the fluid is not linearly viscous. Synovial fluid has thixotropic characteristics; viscosity decreases and the fluid thins over a period of continued stress.

Normal synovial fluid contains 3–4 mg/ml hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid), a polymer of disaccharides composed of D-glucuronic acid and D-N-acetylglucosamine joined by alternating beta-1,4 and beta-1,3 glycosidic bonds. Hyaluronan is synthesized by the synovial membrane and secreted into the joint cavity to increase the viscosity and elasticity of articular cartilages and to lubricate the surfaces between synovium and cartilage.

Synovial fluid contains lubricin secreted by synovial cells. Chiefly, it is responsible for so-called boundary-layer lubrication, which reduces friction between opposing surfaces of cartilage. There also is some evidence that it helps regulate synovial cell growth.

Its functions are:

reducing friction by lubricating the joint, absorbing shocks, and supplying oxygen and nutrients to and removing carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes from the chondrocytes within articular cartilage.^{[citation needed]}

It also contains phagocytic cells that remove microbes and the debris that results from normal wear and tear in the joint.

Health and disease

Collection

Synovial fluid may be collected by syringe in a procedure termed arthrocentesis, also known as joint aspiration.

Classification

Synovial fluid may be classified into normal, noninflammatory, inflammatory, septic, and hemorrhagic:

Classification of synovial fluid in an adult knee joint

	Normal	Noninflammatory	Inflammatory	Septic	Hemorrhagic
Volume (ml)	<3.5	>3.5	>3.5	>3.5	>3.5
Viscosity	High	High	Low	Mixed	Low
Clarity	Clear	Clear	Cloudy	Opaque	Mixed
Color	Colorless/straw	Straw/yellow	Yellow	Mixed	Red
WBC/mm3	<200	<2,000	5,000-75,000	>50,000	Similar to blood level
Polys (%)	<25	<25	50-70	>70	Similar to blood level
Gram stain	Negative	Negative	Negative	Often positive	Negative

Pathology

Many synovial fluid types are associated with specific diagnoses:

• Noninflammatory (Group I)
  • Osteoarthritis, degenerative joint disease
  • Trauma
  • Rheumatic fever
  • Chronic gout or pseudogout
  • Scleroderma
  • Polymyositis
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus
  • Erythema nodosum
  • Neuropathic arthropathy (with possible hemorrhage)
  • Sickle-cell disease
  • Hemochromatosis
  • Acromegaly
  • Amyloidosis
• Inflammatory (Group II)
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Reactive arthritis
  • Psoriatic arthritis
  • Acute rheumatic fever
  • Acute gout or pseuodgout
  • Scleroderma
  • Polymyositis
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus
  • Ankylosing spondylitis
  • Inflammatory bowel disease arthritis
  • Infection (viral, fungal, bacterial) including Lyme disease
  • Acute crystal synovitis
• Septic (Group III)
  • Pyogenic bacterial infection
  • Septic arthritis
• Hemorrhagic
  • Trauma
  • Tumors
  • Hemophilia/coagulopathy
  • Scurvy
  • Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
  • Neuropathic arthropathy

Cracking joints

Main article: Cracking joints

When the two articulating surfaces of a synovial joint are separated from one other, the volume within the joint capsule increases and a negative pressure results. The volume of synovial fluid within the joint is insufficient to fill the expanding volume of the joint and gases dissolved in the synovial fluid (mostly carbon dioxide) are liberated and quickly fill the empty space, leading to the rapid formation of a bubble. This process is known as cavitation. Cavitation in synovial joints results in a high frequency 'cracking' sound.

References

Further reading

• Warman W. "Delineating biologic pathways involved in skeletal growth and homeostasis through the study of rare Mendelian diseases that affect bones and joints." Arthritis Res. Ther. 2003, 5(Suppl 3):5 [1]

External links

• Hyaluronan: structure and properties
• Normal joint structure from the University College London

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 滑液検査 synovial fluid analysis
• 2. 成人における単関節炎の評価 evaluation of the adult with monoarthritis
• 3. 成人における膝痛の総合的評価 general evaluation of the adult with knee pain
• 4. 跛行を呈する小児に対するアプローチ approach to the child with a limp
• 5. 細菌性関節炎：幼児および小児における臨床的特徴および診断 bacterial arthritis clinical features and diagnosis in infants and children

English Journal

• Circulating levels of chemokines in psoriasis.

• Lima XT1, Oliveira RT, Braga FG, Magalhães RF, Mamoni RL, Blotta MH.
• Autoimmunity.Autoimmunity.2015 Feb;48(1):57-60. doi: 10.3109/08916934.2014.947476. Epub 2014 Aug 13.
• Abstract Chemokines may contribute to local and systemic inflammation in patients with psoriasis. Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of chemokine ligands and receptors in the recruitment of T cells into psoriatic lesional skin and synovial fluid. The aim of this study was to evaluate
• PMID 25117898

• Distribution of interleukin-10 family cytokines in serum and synovial fluid of patients with inflammatory arthritis reveals different contribution to systemic and joint inflammation.

• Scrivo R1, Conigliaro P, Riccieri V, Di Franco M, Alessandri C, Spadaro A, Perricone R, Valesini G.
• Clinical and experimental immunology.Clin Exp Immunol.2015 Feb;179(2):300-8. doi: 10.1111/cei.12449.
• Evidence exists that interleukin (IL)-10 family cytokines may be involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We sought to determine whether or not these cytokines are involved in psoriatic arthritis (PsA). We conducted a prospective study on patients with PsA, RA and osteoarthritis (O
• PMID 25178435

• Macrophages from the synovium of active rheumatoid arthritis exhibit an activin A-dependent pro-inflammatory profile.

• Soler Palacios B1, Estrada-Capetillo L, Izquierdo E, Criado G, Nieto C, Municio C, González-Alvaro I, Sánchez-Mateos P, Pablos JL, Corbí AL, Puig-Kröger A.
• The Journal of pathology.J Pathol.2015 Feb;235(3):515-26. doi: 10.1002/path.4466. Epub 2014 Dec 18.
• Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease whose pathogenesis and severity correlates with the presence of macrophage-derived pro-inflammatory cytokines within the inflamed synovium. Macrophage-derived cytokines fuel the pathological processes in RA and are targets of clinically suc
• PMID 25319955

Japanese Journal

• 滑膜幹細胞による半月板再生 (第28回日本整形外科学会基礎学術集会 シンポジウム 骨関節の再生医療の現状と展望)

• 関矢 一郎,宗田 大
• 日本整形外科学会雑誌 89(1), 8-14, 2015-01
• NAID 40020349113

• Clinical significance of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci obtained from sterile specimens

• Tashiro Masato,Izumikawa Koichi,Ashizawa Nobuyuki,Narukawa Munetoshi,Yamamoto Yoshihiro
• Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 81(1), 71-75, 2015-01
• … We conducted a retrospective analysis of 183 patients with methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MR-CoNS)-positive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-positive cultures obtained from sterile sites such as blood, synovial fluid, ascitic fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid. … MR-CoNS isolates cultured from synovial fluid were more likely to be infection associated (. …
• NAID 120005526596

• 人工関節軟骨の摩擦・摩耗低減を目指した生体関節液成分の境界潤滑メカニズム (特集 トライボロジー分野に羽ばたく若手研究者)

• 鎗光 清道
• トライボロジスト 60(2), 91-97, 2015
• NAID 40020361112

Related Links

• Synovial fluid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Synovial fluid is a viscous, non-Newtonian fluid found in the cavities of synovial joints. With its yolk-like consistency ("synovial" partially derives from ovum, Latin for egg), the principal role of synovial fluid is to reduce friction between the ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「滑液」「関節液」
関連記事	「synovial」「flu」「fluid」

「滑液」

　　[★]

英

synovial fluid

ラ

synovia

同

関節液

CBT QB vol.2 p.162

	正常	非炎症性	炎症性	化膿性	血性
色調	透明、淡黄色	透明、淡黄色	半透明、黄色	不透明、膿性	血性
白血球数(/ul)	200以下	200-2,000	5,000-75,000	50,000以上	－
粘稠度	高い	高い	低い	低い	－
比重	1.014以下	1.014-1.020	1.020以上	1.020以上	－
ブドウ糖	血液に近似	血液に近似	血液より低い	著しく低い	－
疾患		変形性関節症	関節リウマチ	細菌感染	外傷
		外傷	膠原病		色素性絨毛性
		神経病性関節症	痛風		結節性滑膜炎
					血管腫

「関節液」

　　[★]

英

synovial fluid

滑液

「synovial」

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• adj.

• 滑膜の、滑液の

関

synovia、synovial fluid、synovial membrane、synovium

　

「flu」

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• インフルエンザ

関

grippe、influenza

　

「fluid」

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同

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