WordNet

come into the company of; "She joined him for a drink"
cause to become joined or linked; "join these two parts so that they fit together" (同)bring together
make contact or come together; "The two roads join here" (同)conjoin
become part of; become a member of a group or organization; "He joined the Communist Party as a young man" (同)fall_in, get together
united or combined; "a joint session of Congress"; "joint owners"
marijuana leaves rolled into a cigarette for smoking (同)marijuana cigarette, reefer, stick, spliff
a disreputable place of entertainment
junction by which parts or objects are joined together
(anatomy) the point of connection between two bones or elements of a skeleton (especially if it allows motion) (同)articulation, articulatio
provide with a joint; "the carpenter jointed two pieces of wood" (同)articulate
affecting or involving two or more; "joint income-tax return"; "joint ownership"
fasten with a joint
fit as if by joints; "The boards fit neatly"
involving both houses of a legislature; "a joint session of Congress"
separate (meat) at the joint
the act of bringing two things into contact (especially for communication); "the joining of hands around the table"; "there was a connection via the internet" (同)connection, connexion
relating to or secreting synovia
having joints or jointed segments;

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈二つ以上のもの〉‘を'『つなぐ』,結合する《+『名』+『together』(『up』)》;(…に)…‘を'つなぐ《+『名』+『to』(『onto』)+『名』》 / (線などで)〈二つ以上のもの〉‘の'間を結ぶ(つなぐ)《+『名』+『by』(『with』)+『名』》 / (友情・結婚などで)〈人〉‘を'結びつける《+『名』+『in』+『名』》 / 〈川・道などが〉…‘と'いっしょになる,合流する / 〈会など〉‘に'『加入する』 / (…で)〈人〉‘の'『仲間に入る』,‘と'いっしょになる《+『名』〈人〉+『in』(『for』)+『名』,+『名』〈人〉+『in』do『ing』》 / (…に)『加わる』《+『in』+『名』〈事〉/+『in』『with』+『名』〈人〉》 / (人と…を)『ともにする』《+『with』+『名』〈人〉+『in』+『名』(doing)》 / 〈川・道などが〉『いっしょになる』,合流する / 接合箇所(点,面,線);継ぎ目
『関節』 / 『継ぎ目』,接合箇所,合わせ目 / 継ぎ目と継ぎ目の間の部分,節 / (二つの部分を継いだり支えたりするのに用いる)継ぎ手,ジョイント / (枝や葉の)つけ根,節 / (骨付きの)肉の大切り身 / 《俗》安酒場,とばく宿,アヘン窟(くつ) / 『共同の』,共有の;連帯の,連合の / 両院合同の;二院制議会の両院の / …‘を'継ぎ合わせる;…‘を'継ぎ目(関節)でつなぐ / …‘を'継ぎ目で分ける;〈鳥・肉など〉‘を'関節で切り分ける
継ぎ目のある;関節のある

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/05/09 17:46:55」(JST)

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Typical Joint

A Synovial joint, also known as a diarthrosis, is the most common and most movable type of joint in the body of a mammal. As with most other joints, synovial joints achieve movement at the point of contact of the articulating bones.

Structural and functional differences distinguish synovial joints from cartilaginous joints (synchondroses and symphyses) and fibrous joints (sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses). The main structural differences between synovial and fibrous joints are the existence of capsules surrounding the articulating surfaces of a synovial joint and the presence of lubricating synovial fluid within those capsules (synovial cavities).

Structure

Synovial joints contain the following structures:

Synovial cavity: all diarthroses have this characteristic space between the bones that is filled with synovial fluid
Articular capsule: the fibrous capsule, continuous with the periosteum of articulating bones, surrounds the diarthrosis and unites the articulating bones; the articular capsule consists of two layers - (1) the outer fibrous membrane that may contain ligaments and (2) the inner synovial membrane that secretes the lubricating, shock absorbing, and joint-nourishing synovial fluid; the articular capsule is highly innervated, but avascular (lacking blood and lymph vessels), and receives nutrition from the surrounding blood supply via either diffusion (a slow process) or by convection, a far more efficient process achieved through exercise
Articular cartilage: the bones of a synovial joint are covered by this layer of hyaline cartilage that lines the epiphyses of joint end of bone with a smooth, slippery surface that does not bind them together; articular cartilage functions to absorb shock and reduce friction during movement

Many diarthroses also contain:

Articular discs or menisci - the fibrocartilage pads between opposing surfaces in a joint
Articular fat pads - adipose tissue pads that protect the articular cartilage, as seen in the infrapatellar fat pad in the knee
Accessory ligaments (extracapsular and intracapsular) - the fibers of some fibrous membranes are arranged in parallel bundles of dense regular connective tissue that are highly adapted for resisting strains to prevent extreme movements that may damage the articulation
Tendons - cords of dense regular connective tissue composed of parallel bundles of collagen fibers
Bursae - saclike structures that are situated strategically to alleviate friction in some joints (shoulder and knee) that are filled with fluid that is similar to synovial fluid ^[1]

The bone surrounding the joint on the proximal side is sometimes called the plafond, especially in the talocrural joint. A damage to this occurs in a Gosselin fracture.

Blood supply

The blood supply of a synovial joint is derived from the arteries sharing in the anastomosis around the joint.

Movements possible

The movements possible with synovial joints are:

Abduction: movement away from the mid-line of the body
Adduction: movement toward the mid-line of the body
Extension: straightening limbs at a joint
Flexion: bending the limbs at a joint
Rotation: a circular movement around a fixed point

Types

There are seven types of synovial joints. Some are relatively immobile, but are more stable. Others have multiple degrees of freedom, but at the expense of greater risk of injury. In ascending order of mobility, they are:^[2]

Name	Example	Description
Gliding joints (or planar joints)	the carpals of the wrist, acromioclavicular joint	These joints allow only gliding or sliding movements
Hinge joints	the elbow (between the humerus and the ulna)	These joints act as a door hinge does, allowing flexion and extension in just one plane
Pivot joints	Atlanto-axial joint, proximal radioulnar joint, and distal radioulnar joint	One bone rotates about another
Condyloid joints (or ellipsoidal joints)	the wrist joint (radiocarpal joint) temporomandibular joint	A condyloid joint is where two bones fit together with an odd shape (e.g. an ellipse), and one bone is concave, the other convex; some classifications make a distinction between condyloid and ellipsoid joints; these joints allow flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction movements (circumduction).
Saddle joints	Carpometacarpal or Trapeziometacarpal Joint of thumb (between the metacarpal and carpal - the trapezium), sternoclavicular joint	Saddle joints, which resemble a saddle, permit the same movements as the condyloid joints
Ball and socket joints "Universal Joint"	the shoulder (glenohumeral), and hip joints	These allow for all movements except gliding
Compound joints / Modified Hinge Joints	the knee joint	condylar joint (condyles of femur join with condyles of tibia) and saddle joint (lower end of femur joins with patella)

Factors influencing joint stability

The shape of articular surfaces
Capsule and ligaments
Muscle Tone
Gravity
Atmospheric Pressure

References

^ Principles of Anatomy & Physiology, 12th Edition, Tortora & Derrickson, Pub: Wiley & Sons
^ Module - Introduction to Joints

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UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Differences in levels of inflammatory mediators in meniscal and synovial tissue of patients with meniscal lesions.

Ogura T1, Suzuki M2, Sakuma Y3, Yamauchi K4, Orita S5, Miyagi M6, Ishikawa T7, Kamoda H8, Oikawa Y9, Kanisawa I10, Takahashi K11, Sakai H12, Nagamine T13, Fukuda H14, Takahashi K15, Ohtori S16, Tsuchiya A17.
Journal of experimental orthopaedics.J Exp Orthop.2016 Dec;3(1):7. doi: 10.1186/s40634-016-0041-9. Epub 2016 Feb 3.
BACKGROUND: Meniscal injuries are a risk factor for osteoarthritis (OA). While a mechanical pathway between meniscal injury and OA has been described, the biological effects of inflammation on this pathway have yet to be clarified. The aim of our study was to compare levels of specific inflammatory
PMID 26915007

It's not what it looks like: challenges in diagnosis of synovial lesions of the knee joint.

Dash KK1, Gavai PV2, Wade R3, Rajani A4,5.
Journal of experimental orthopaedics.J Exp Orthop.2016 Dec;3(1):5. doi: 10.1186/s40634-016-0039-3. Epub 2016 Jan 29.
BACKGROUND: With the advent of MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), Synovial lesions around knee are being more and more easily detected. Synovial lesions of knee present with boggy swelling, effusion, pain, and restriction of motion. Differential diagnoses of such lesions include pigmented villonodula
PMID 26915005

Joint sparing treatments in early ankle osteoarthritis: current procedures and future perspectives.

Castagnini F1, Pellegrini C2, Perazzo L2, Vannini F2, Buda R3.
Journal of experimental orthopaedics.J Exp Orthop.2016 Dec;3(1):3. doi: 10.1186/s40634-016-0038-4. Epub 2016 Jan 15.
Ankle osteoarthritis (AOA) is a severe pathology, mostly affecting a post-traumatic young population. Arthroscopic debridement, arthrodiastasis, osteotomy are the current joint sparing procedures, but, in the available studies, controversial results were achieved, with better outcomes in case of lim
PMID 26915003