WordNet

viscid lubricating fluid secreted by the membrane lining joints and tendon sheaths etc. (同)synovial_fluid
relating to or secreting synovia

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/03/16 22:07:34」(JST)

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Synovial membrane (also known as synovium or stratum synoviale)^[1] is the soft tissue found between the articular capsule (joint capsule) and the joint cavity of synovial joints.^[2]

The word "synovium" is related to the word "synovia" (synovial fluid), which is the clear, viscous, lubricating fluid secreted by synovial membranes. The word "synvovia" or "sinovia" was coined by Paracelsus,^[3] and may have been derived from the Greek word "syn" ("with") and the Latin word "ovum" ("egg") because the synovial fluid in joints that have a cavity between the bearing surfaces is similar to egg white.

Structure[edit]

Synovium is very variable but often has two layers

The outer layer, or subintima, can be of almost any type: fibrous, fatty or loosely "areolar".

The inner layer, or intima, consists of a sheet of cells thinner than a piece of paper.

Where the underlying subintima is loose, the intima sits on a pliable membrane, giving rise to the term synovial membrane.

This membrane, together with the cells of the intima, provides something like an inner tube, sealing the synovial fluid from the surrounding tissue (effectively stopping the joints from being squeezed dry when subject to impact, such as running).

The intimal cells are of two types, fibroblasts and macrophages, both of which are different in certain respects from similar cells in other tissues.

The fibroblasts manufacture a long-chain sugar polymer called hyaluronan, which makes the synovial fluid "ropy"-like egg-white, together with a molecule called lubricin, which lubricates the joint surfaces. The water of synovial fluid is not secreted as such but is effectively trapped in the joint space by the hyaluronan.

The macrophages are responsible for the removal of undesirable substances from the synovial fluid.

The surface of synovium may be flat or may be covered with finger-like projections or villi, which, it is presumed, help to allow the soft tissue to change shape as the joint surfaces move one on another.

Just beneath the intima, most synovium has a dense net of small blood vessels that provide nutrients not only for synovium but also for the avascular cartilage.

In any one position, much of the cartilage is close enough to get nutrition direct from synovium.

Some areas of cartilage have to obtain nutrients indirectly and may do so either from diffusion through cartilage or possibly by 'stirring' of synovial fluid.

Mechanics[edit]

Although a biological joint can resemble a man-made joint in being a hinge or a ball and socket, the engineering problems that nature must solve are very different because the joint works within an almost completely solid structure, with no wheels or nuts and bolts.

In general, the bearing surfaces of manmade joints interlock, as in a hinge. This is rare for biological joints (although the badger's jaw interlocks).

More often the surfaces are held together by cord-like ligaments. Virtually all the space between muscles, ligaments, bones, and cartilage is filled with pliable solid tissue. The fluid-filled gap is at most only a twentieth of a millimetre thick. This means that synovium has certain rather unexpected jobs to do. These may include:

Providing a plane of separation, or disconnection, between solid tissues so that movement can occur with minimum bending of solid components. If this separation is lost, as in a 'frozen shoulder', the joint cannot move.
Providing a packing that can change shape in whatever way is needed to allow the bearing surfaces to move on each other.
Controlling the volume of fluid in the cavity so that it is just enough to allow the solid components to move over each other freely. This volume is normally so small that the joint is under slight suction.

Pathology[edit]

Synovium can become irritated and thickened in conditions such as synovitis or rheumatoid arthritis. When this happens, the synovium can become a danger to the bearing surface structure in a variety of ways. Excess synovial fluid weeping from inflamed synovium can provide a barrier to diffusion of nutrients to cartilage. The synovial cells may also use up nutrients so that the glucose level in the tissue is almost zero. These factors may lead to starvation and death of cartilage cells. Synovial cells may also produce enzymes that can digest the cartilage surface, although it is not clear that these will damage cartilage with healthy cells.

References[edit]

^ synovial+membrane at eMedicine Dictionary
^ "Medcyclopaedia - Synovial membrane". Archived from the original on 2012-02-05. Retrieved 2008-01-29.
^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

Edwards JCW (2003). "Chapter 17". In Klippel, John H.; Hochberg, Marc C. Rheumatology. St. Louis: Mosby. pp. 159–68. ISBN 0-323-02404-1.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 細菌性関節炎：幼児および小児における疫学、病因、および微生物学 bacterial arthritis epidemiology pathogenesis and microbiology in infants and children
2. 脊椎関節炎の病因 pathogenesis of spondyloarthritis
3. 腎性骨異栄養症の骨生検および診断 bone biopsy and the diagnosis of renal osteodystrophy
4. 皮膚石灰沈着症：病院および患者の評価 calcinosis cutis etiology and patient evaluation
5. 関節リウマチの病因 pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis

English Journal

SKEWNESS OF TCR Vβ OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD AND SYNOVIAL FLUID OF PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.

Zhou J, Kong C, Yu J, Dong H, Jin C, Song Q.Author information a Clinic Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College , Jining , Shandong Province , China.AbstractTo date, the complete mechanism of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remain unclear, T cells have been proposed to play an important role in the disease initiation and progression. Presently, some researchers have reported that there were skewed TCR Vβ in different samples of experimental animals or RA patients, such as in the peripheral blood, joints or synovial fluid, however, most of the results were not coincident or even conflict with each other. In this article, with real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR with DNA melting curving technique, we detected the bias of TCR Vβ of RA patients, and found that although most of TCR Vβ usage were different between peripheral blood and synovial fluid, the overview of all the Vβ skewness was similar between the two samples.
Journal of immunoassay & immunochemistry.J Immunoassay Immunochem.2014 Apr 3;35(2):207-19. doi: 10.1080/15321819.2013.841192.
To date, the complete mechanism of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remain unclear, T cells have been proposed to play an important role in the disease initiation and progression. Presently, some researchers have reported that there were skewed TCR Vβ in different samples of experimental animals or RA pat
PMID 24295183

Characterization of hyaluronic acid and synovial fluid in stagnation point elongational flow.

Haward SJ.Author information Departamento de Engenharia Química, CEFT, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.AbstractHyaluronic acid (HA) is an important biomacromolecule, which fulfils a number of vital physiological functions (especially in the joint synovial fluid) and also has consumer and pharmaceutical applications. HA solution properties have already been quite thoroughly characterized in response to steady shear flows but are less well understood in highly deforming extensional flows. In this study, flow-induced birefringence measurements are made as a function of the strain rate in planar elongational flow at the stagnation point of a cross-slot device using HA solutions of a range of molecular weights (0.9×106 g mol-1≤Mw≤4.8×106 g mol-1) and at dilute concentrations. The results provide macromolecular relaxation times, molecular weight distributions and the extensional viscosities and Trouton ratios of the fluids. The HA relaxation time is found to vary as τ∼Mw(1.8) , which is consistent with a partially solvated, expanded coil. An intrinsic Trouton ratio is defined, which varies as [Tr]∼Mw(2) . The measurement of birefringence with strain rate is shown to be highly sensitive to the molecular weight distribution and can resolve subtle changes due to macromolecular degradation and the presence of fracture products. Mechanical degradation experiments in the cross-slots indicate midchain scission of HA macromolecules, strongly suggesting near full extension of the high-molecular weight fraction in the stagnation point extensional flow field. Taken together the results suggest a possible method for analysis of the HA in synovial fluid, and this concept is tested using synovial fluid obtained from porcine tarsal joint. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 101: 287-305, 2014.
Biopolymers.Biopolymers.2014 Mar;101(3):287-305. doi: 10.1002/bip.22357.
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is an important biomacromolecule, which fulfils a number of vital physiological functions (especially in the joint synovial fluid) and also has consumer and pharmaceutical applications. HA solution properties have already been quite thoroughly characterized in response to steady
PMID 23868350

The new era for the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: perspectives and validated strategies.

Novelli L, Chimenti MS, Chiricozzi A, Perricone R.Author information Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.AbstractPsoriatic Arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory arthropathy associated with psoriasis. Psoriasis (PsO) is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease, characterized by hyperproliferation and aberrant differentiation of keratinocytes. PsA and PsO can be considered as a unique disease and are immune-mediated diseases and both innate and adaptive immunity play a role in their pathogenesis. Initially, PsO and PsA were thought to be Th1-mediated diseases, however, in the last years, several studies have shown the role of interleukin 17 (IL-17) and Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of PsA and PsO. Th17 cells have been detected in dermal infiltrates of psoriatic lesions as well as in synovial fluid. Interleukin (IL)-23, produced by antigen presenting cells (APC), especially by dendritic cells (DC), is the key regulator cytokine for Th17 and IL-17 production. In this review we discuss the role of IL-17 and IL-23 in the pathogenesis of PsO and PsA and their role as therapeutic targets for PsO and PsA treatment.
Autoimmunity reviews.Autoimmun Rev.2014 Jan;13(1):64-9. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2013.08.006. Epub 2013 Sep 8.
Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory arthropathy associated with psoriasis. Psoriasis (PsO) is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease, characterized by hyperproliferation and aberrant differentiation of keratinocytes. PsA and PsO can be considered as a unique disease and are immune-medi
PMID 24021172

Japanese Journal

腸管外病原性大腸菌O166による哺乳豚の線維素化膿性髄膜炎

木崎あゆみ,高橋真紀,昆野雄介,熊谷芳浩,昆野勝,佐藤裕夫
日本獣医師会雑誌 67(10), 747-753, 2014
岩手県内の1養豚場で9日間に生産された8腹由来の哺乳豚85頭中29頭が4～19日齢時に死亡あるいは予後不良により淘汰された．発熱，震戦及び後弓反張を示した病豚3頭（15，18，19日齢）を検索した．主要病変は髄膜，脈絡叢，脳室壁における線維素化膿性炎であり，病変の程度は髄膜と脈絡叢で重篤であった．同炎症は四肢諸関節の滑膜や，腹膜，胸膜及び心外膜にもみられ，大腸菌O166抗原が前述の病巣内に観察され …
NAID 130004709669

小指屈筋腱の滑膜組織に発生した線維腫により尺骨神経障害を合併した弾発手関節（Trigger wrist）の1例

佐藤憲史,湯浅公貴,大井徹
中部日本整形外科災害外科学会雑誌 57(5), 1039-1040, 2014
NAID 130004703768

Eosinophils facilitate antigen-specific T-cell proliferation and aggravate antigen-induced arthritis.

Saika Taro
Kawasaki medical journal 40(1), 13-22, 2014
… The results revealed that the average total cell number in synovia injected with methylated BSA (mBSA) was 4.8-fold of that in control synovium injected with saline. … In some antigen-challenged synovia, increased gene expression of IL-6 was observed. … By contrast, expression of the other genes showed no consistent changes between synovia from knees with or without antigen challenge. …
NAID 110009807868

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「滑液」
拡張検索	「synovial」「Mycoplasma hyosynoviae」「synovial joint」

「滑液」

Synovial membrane
	Typical Joint
	Synovial joint
Latin	membrana synovialis capsulae articularis
Gray's	subject #68 282

　　[★]

英: synovial fluid
ラ: synovia
同: 関節液

CBT QB vol.2 p.162

	正常	非炎症性	炎症性	化膿性	血性
色調	透明、淡黄色	透明、淡黄色	半透明、黄色	不透明、膿性	血性
白血球数(/ul)	200以下	200-2,000	5,000-75,000	50,000以上	－
粘稠度	高い	高い	低い	低い	－
比重	1.014以下	1.014-1.020	1.020以上	1.020以上	－
ブドウ糖	血液に近似	血液に近似	血液より低い	著しく低い	－
疾患		変形性関節症	関節リウマチ	細菌感染	外傷
		外傷	膠原病		色素性絨毛性
		神経病性関節症	痛風		結節性滑膜炎
					血管腫