runny nose

• 鼻汁、鼻水

関

nasal discharge、nasal drip、nasal lavage fluid

WordNet

1. travel rapidly, by any (unspecified) means; "Run to the store!"; "She always runs to Italy, because she has a lover there"
2. become undone; "the sweater unraveled" (同)unravel
3. the continuous period of time during which something (a machine or a factory) operates or continues in operation; "the assembly line was on a 12-hour run"
4. the production achieved during a continuous period of operation (of a machine or factory etc.); "a daily run of 100,000 gallons of paint"
5. unrestricted freedom to use; "he has the run of the house"
6. the act of running; traveling on foot at a fast pace; "he broke into a run"; "his daily run keeps him fit" (同)running
7. (American football) a play in which a player attempts to carry the ball through or past the opposing team; "the defensive line braced to stop the run"; "the coach put great emphasis on running" (同)running, running play, running game
8. a score in baseball made by a runner touching all four bases safely; "the Yankees scored 3 runs in the bottom of the 9th"; "their first tally came in the 3rd inning" (同)tally
9. a regular trip; "the ship made its run in record time"
10. a short trip; "take a run into town"
11. an unbroken chronological sequence; "the play had a long run on Broadway"; "the team enjoyed a brief run of victories"
12. a row of unravelled stitches; "she got a run in her stocking" (同)ladder, ravel
13. deal in illegally, such as arms or liquor (同)black_market
14. be diffused; "These dyes and colors are guaranteed not to run" (同)bleed
15. keep company; "the heifers run with the bulls to produce offspring" (同)consort
16. carry out a process or program, as on a computer or a machine; "Run the dishwasher"; "run a new program on the Mac"; "the computer executed the instruction" (同)execute
17. move along, of liquids; "Water flowed into the cave"; "the Missouri feeds into the Mississippi" (同)flow, feed, course
18. have a particular form; "the story or argument runs as follows"; "as the saying goes..." (同)go
19. stretch out over a distance, space, time, or scope; run or extend between two points or beyond a certain point; "Service runs all the way to Cranbury"; "His knowledge doesnt go very far"; "My memory extends back to my fourth year of life"; "The facts extend beyond a consideration of her personal assets" (同)go, pass, lead, extend
20. cause something to pass or lead somewhere; "Run the wire behind the cabinet" (同)lead
21. extend or continue for a certain period of time; "The film runs 5 hours" (同)run for
22. be affected by; be subjected to; "run a temperature"; "run a risk"
23. be operating, running or functioning; "The car is still running--turn it off!"
24. carry out; "run an errand"
25. cause an animal to move fast; "run the dogs"
26. cause to perform; "run a subject"; "run a process"
27. change from one state to another; "run amok"; "run rogue"; "run riot"
28. cover by running; run a certain distance; "She ran 10 miles that day"
29. make without a miss
30. move about freely and without restraint, or act as if running around in an uncontrolled way; "who are these people running around in the building?"; "She runs around telling everyone of her troubles"; "let the dogs run free"
31. move fast by using ones feet, with one foot off the ground at any given time; "Dont run--youll be out of breath"; "The children ran to the store"
32. occur persistently; "Musical talent runs in the family"
33. run with the ball; in such sports as football
34. sail before the wind
35. set animals loose to graze
36. push or move with the nose
37. a small distance; "my horse lost the race by a nose"
38. a front that resembles a human nose (especially the front of an aircraft); "the nose of the rocket heated up on reentry"
39. the front or forward projection of a tool or weapon; "he ducked under the nose of the gun"
40. the organ of smell and entrance to the respiratory tract; the prominent part of the face of man or other mammals; "he has a cold in the nose" (同)olfactory_organ
41. a natural skill; "he has a nose for good deals"
42. a symbol of inquisitiveness; "keep your nose out of it"
43. the sense of smell (especially in animals); "the hound has a good nose"
44. advance the forward part of with caution; "She nosed the car into the left lane"
45. defeat by a narrow margin
46. used to express refusal or denial or disagreement etc or especially to emphasize a negative statement; "no, you are wrong"
47. a negative; "his no was loud and clear"
48. referring to the degree to which a certain quality is present; "he was no heavier than a child" (同)no more
49. not in any degree or manner; not at all; "he is no better today"
50. quantifier; used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns for indicating a complete or almost complete lack or zero quantity of; "we have no bananas"; "no eggs left and no money to buy any"; "have you no decency?"; "did it with no help"; "Ill get you there in no time"
51. of advancing the ball by running; "the teams running plays worked better than its pass plays"
52. the state of being in operation; "the engine is running smoothly"
53. the act of administering or being in charge of something; "he has responsibility for the running of two companies at the same time"
54. (of e.g. a machine) performing or capable of performing; "in running (or working) order"; "a functional set of brakes" (同)operative, functional, working
55. (of fluids) moving or issuing in a stream; "as mountain stream with freely running water"; "hovels without running water"
56. continually repeated over a period of time; "a running joke among us"
57. executed or initiated by running; "running plays worked better than pass plays"; "took a running jump"; "a running start"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 『走る』,駆ける / 〈人が〉(…に)『急ぐ』,突進する《+『for』(『to』)+『名』》 / 『さっと逃げる』,走り去る / 急いで(とょっと)出かける(尋ねる) / 〈乗り物が〉『走る』,(定期的に)『運行する』 / 自由に動く(動き回る) / (…に)立候補する《+『for』+『名』》 / (進行形にできない)(ある方向へ)延びている,続いている / (ある方向へ)〈植物が〉伸びている,はい延びている / 〈物事が〉『動く』,機能を働かせる / 〈事が〉続く,継続する / (ある状態,特に困った状態に)『なる』,陥る,達する / 〈記憶・考えなどが〉さっと頭(心)に浮かぶ,脳裏を走る / 〈水・砂などが〉流れる / 〈特質などが〉伝わる,遺伝する / (水などを)流す,あふれ出る《+『with』+『名』》 / 〈色・汚れなどが〉広がる,にじむ / 《米》〈編物・織物が〉ほどける,〈ストッキングが〉伝線する(《英》ladder) / 〈うわさなどが〉広まる,伝わる / 上演(上映)中である / 〈魚が〉(産卵のため)川を上る / 〈ある場所・距離〉‘を'『走る』,走って行く;〈レース〉‘を'走る / 〈人・動物〉‘を'『走らせる』,競走させる / 〈乗り物〉‘を'『走らせる』,〈公共の乗物〉‘を'『運行させる』 / …‘を'『さっと動かす』 / 〈機械など〉‘を'『動かす』,運転する / 〈液体〉‘を'流す;〈容器〉‘に'流し込む,‘を'あふれさせる / …‘を'車(船など)に乗せて走る(運ぶ) / 《しばしば副詞[句]を伴って》…‘を'ひそかに持ち込む,密輸する / 《米》(…に)〈人〉‘を'立候補させる,候補者に立てる《+『名』+『as』(『for』)+『名』》 / 〈組織〉‘を'動かす,運営する / …‘を'発行する,出す / 〈映画・劇など〉‘を'上映(上演)し続ける / 〈危険など〉‘に'身をさらす / …‘を'するすると動かす / (ある方向に)…‘を'伸ばす / 〈熱など〉‘に'冒される / …‘を'通り抜ける / 〈C〉『走ること』,駆け足;〈U〉走力 / 〈C〉『走る距離』(『時間』);行程,航程 / 〈C〉《単数形で》急ぎの(短い)旅行(訪問) / 〈C〉運行,運航,飛行 / 〈C〉(劇などの)連続公演;(ある状態の)連続,継続《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(…の)非常な売れ行き,大需要;流行;当たり《+『on』+『名』》 / 《単数形で》(…の)向き,方向;形勢,成り行き,傾向《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉種類,等級;並みのもの / 〈C〉(液体の)流出《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉《米》(靴下などの)伝線,ほつれ / 〈C〉《the ~》出入りの自由 / 〈C〉(家畜の)囲い場,放牧場
2. 『鼻』 / 《単数形で》(…に対する)『嗅覚』(きゅうかく)《+『for』+『名』》 / (鼻のように)突起した部分;船首,機首 / 《単数形で》(…を)かぎつける力《+『for』+『名』》 / 《副詞[句]を伴って》…‘を'鼻で押す,鼻でさわる(こする) / …‘を'鼻でかぐ,‘を'においをかぐ;…‘を'においで知る / (…の)においをかぐ《+『at』+『名』》 / 《副詞[句]を伴って》(用心しながら)鼻先を向けて進む
3. 《名詞の前に置いて》『一つも』(『一人も,少しも』)・・・『ない』 / 《補語につけて》『決して・・・でない』 / 《省略文で》・・・なし;・・・お断り / 《話》少ししか(あまり)・・・ない / (肯定の問いに対して)『いいえ』;(否定の問いに対して)はい,ええ / 《not, norの前に挿入して》『いや』,否 / 《形容詞の前に置その形容詞を否定して》…どころではない / 《比較級の前に置いて》ちっとも…でない,…と全く同じ / 《… or no の形で》…であってもなくても / 《驚き・困惑・不信などを表して》とんでもない / 《単数形で》『拒否』,「『いいえ』」という返事 / 《複数形で》反対[投]票
4. 走ること,競走,(野球の)走累 / 走っている / 流れている / 連続している,絶え間のない / (機械などが)動いている / 走りながら行う / うみの出る,汁を出す / 続けて,連続して
5. 流れやすい,したたりやすい / (鼻水などが)分泌する

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/10/02 20:49:45」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Rhinorrhea
Labeled cross section of the nasal cavities
Classification and external resources
Specialty	Otorhinolaryngology
ICD-10	J34.8
ICD-9-CM	478.19
DiseasesDB	26380
MedlinePlus	003051

Rhinorrhea or rhinorrhoea is a condition where the nasal cavity is filled with a significant amount of mucus fluid. The condition, commonly known as a runny nose, occurs relatively frequently. Rhinorrhea is a common symptom of allergies (hay fever) or certain diseases, such as the common cold. It can be a side effect of crying, exposure to cold temperatures, cocaine abuse or withdrawal, such as from opioids like methadone. Treatment for rhinorrhea is not usually necessary, but there are a number of medical treatments and preventive techniques available.

The term was coined in 1866 and is a combination of the Greek terms rhino- ("of the nose") and -rhoia ("discharge" or "flow").

Signs and symptoms

Rhinorrhea is characterized by an excess amount of mucus produced by the mucous membranes that line the nasal cavities. The membranes create mucus faster than it can be processed, causing a backup of mucus in the nasal cavities. As the cavity fills up, it blocks off the air passageway, causing difficulty breathing through the nose. Air caught in nasal cavities, namely the sinus cavities, cannot be released and the resulting pressure may cause a headache or facial pain. If the sinus passage remains blocked, there is a chance that sinusitis may result. If the mucus backs up through the Eustachian tube, it may result in ear pain or an ear infection. Excess mucus accumulating in the throat or back of the nose may cause a post-nasal drip, resulting in a sore throat or coughing. Additional symptoms include sneezing, nosebleeds, and nasal discharge.

Causes

Cold temperature

Rhinorrhea is especially common during winter months and certain low temperature seasons. Cold-induced rhinorrhea occurs due to a combination of thermodynamics and the body's natural reactions to cold weather stimuli. One of the purposes of nasal mucus is to warm inhaled air to body temperature as it enters the body. In order for this to happen, the nasal cavities must be constantly coated with liquid mucus. During cold, dry seasons, the mucus lining nasal passages tends to dry out, meaning that mucous membranes must work harder, producing more mucus to keep the cavity lined. As a result, the nasal cavity can fill up with mucus. At the same time, when air is exhaled, water vapor in breath condenses as the warm air meets the colder outside temperature near the nostrils. This causes an excess amount of water to build up inside nasal cavities. In these cases, the excess fluid usually spills out externally through the nostrils.

Infection

Rhinorrhea can be a symptom of other diseases, such as the common cold or influenza. During these infections, the nasal mucous membranes produce excess mucus, filling the nasal cavities. This is to prevent infection from spreading to the lungs and respiratory tract, where it could cause far worse damage. It has also been suggested that rhinorrhea is a result of viral evolution, and may be a response that is not useful to the host, but which has evolved by the virus to maximise its own infectivity. Rhinorrhea caused by these infections usually occur on circadian rhythms. Over the course of a viral infection, sinusitis (the inflammation of the nasal tissue) may occur, causing the mucous membranes to release more mucus. Acute sinusitis consists of the nasal passages swelling during a viral infection. Chronic sinusitis occurs when one or more nasal polyps appear. This can be caused by a deviated septum as well as a viral infection.

Allergies

Pollen grains from a variety of common plants can cause an allergic reaction.

Rhinorrhea can also occur when individuals with allergies to certain substances, such as pollen, dust, latex, soy, shellfish, or animal dander, are exposed to these allergens. In people with sensitized immune systems, the inhalation of one of these substances triggers the production of the antibody immunoglobulin E (IgE), which binds to mast cells and basophils. IgE bound to mast cells are stimulated by pollen and dust, causing the release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine. In turn, this causes, among other things, inflammation and swelling of the tissue of the nasal cavities as well as increased mucus production. Particulate matter in polluted air and chemicals such as chlorine and detergents, which can normally be tolerated, can make the condition considerably worse.

Lacrimation

Rhinorrhea is also associated with shedding tears, whether from emotional events or from eye irritation. When excess tears are produced, the liquid drains through the inner corner of the eyelids, through the nasolacrimal duct, and into the nasal cavities. As more tears are shed, more liquid flows into the nasal cavities. The buildup of fluid is usually resolved via mucus expulsion through the nostrils.

Head trauma

Main article: Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea

If caused by a head injury, rhinorrhea can be a much more serious condition. A basilar skull fracture can result in a rupture of the barrier between the sinonasal cavity and the anterior cranial fossae or the middle cranial fossae. This rupture can cause the nasal cavity to fill with cerebrospinal fluid. This condition, known as cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea or CSF rhinorrhea, can lead to a number of serious complications and possibly death if not addressed properly.

Other causes

Rhinorrhea can occur as a symptom of opioid withdrawal accompanied by lacrimation. Other causes include cystic fibrosis, whooping cough, nasal tumors, hormonal changes, and cluster headaches. Due to changes in clinical practice, Rhinorrhea is now reported as a frequent side effect of oxygen-intubation during colonoscopy procedures [A simple, innovative way to reduce rhinitis symptoms after sedation during endoscopy" by Nai-Liang Li, et al, Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2011, Feb; volume 25(2): pages 68–72.]. Rhinorrhea can also be the side effect of several genetic disorders, such as primary ciliary dyskinesia.

Treatment

In most cases treatment for rhinorrhea is not necessary since it will clear up on its own—especially if it is the symptom of an infection. For general cases blowing your nose can get rid of the mucus buildup. Though blowing may be a quick-fix solution, it would likely proliferate mucosal production in the sinuses, leading to frequent and higher mucus buildups in the nose. Alternatively, saline nasal sprays and vasoconstrictor nasal sprays may also be used, but may become counterproductive after several days of use, causing rhinitis medicamentosa.

In recurring cases, such as those due to allergies, there are medicinal treatments available. For cases caused by histamine buildup, several types of antihistamines can be obtained relatively cheaply from drugstores.

People who prefer to keep clear nasal passages, such as singers, who need a clear nasal passage to perform, may use a technique called "nasal irrigation" to prevent rhinorrhea. Nasal irrigation involves rinsing the nasal cavity regularly with salty water or store bought saline solutions.

External links

• Runny Nose: A Guide for Parents at the Wayback Machine (archived 25 February 2012) from the Pennsylvania Medical Society
• Coping with colds and flu (NHS Direct)
• How to Wipe Your Nose
• How to Wipe Your Nose on Your Hands

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 小児における感冒：マネージメントおよび予防 the common cold in children management and prevention
• 2. 鼻症状の原因：概要 etiologies of nasal symptoms an overview
• 3. 成人における感冒：診断と臨床的特徴 the common cold in adults diagnosis and clinical features
• 4. 小児における感冒：臨床的特徴および診断 the common cold in children clinical features and diagnosis
• 5. パーキンソン病の非運動症状のマネージメント management of nonmotor symptoms in parkinson disease

English Journal

• Factors associated with efficacy of an ibuprofen/pseudoephedrine combination drug in pharmacy customers with common cold symptoms.

• Klimek L1, Schumacher H2, Schütt T3, Gräter H3, Mueck T3, Michel MC4.
• International journal of clinical practice.Int J Clin Pract.2016 Dec 7. doi: 10.1111/ijcp.12907. [Epub ahead of print]
• AIM: The aim of this study was to explore factors affecting efficacy of treatment of common cold symptoms with an over-the-counter ibuprofen/pseudoephedrine combination product.METHODS: Data from an anonymous survey among 1770 pharmacy customers purchasing the combination product for treatment of ow
• PMID 27925348

• A randomized controlled trial of a homeopathic syrup in the treatment of cold symptoms in young children.

• Jacobs J1, Taylor JA2.
• Complementary therapies in medicine.Complement Ther Med.2016 Dec;29:229-234. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2016.10.013. Epub 2016 Nov 2.
• BACKGROUND: There is little evidence that the decongestant, antihistamine, or cough suppressant medications commonly used to treat cold symptoms in preschool children are effective. One option for treating cold symptoms in young children is with homeopathy. This study was conducted to determine if a
• PMID 27912951

• Yiqi Wenyang Fang ameliorates allergic rhinitis through inhibiting inflammatory response and promoting the expression of Foxp3.

• Shi J1, Liu Y2, Yan S1, Yan D3.
• International journal of immunopathology and pharmacology.Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol.2016 Dec;29(4):696-706. Epub 2015 Dec 18.
• Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an inflammatory disease with a hypersensitivity response to environmental stimulus. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Yiqi Wenyang Fang (YWF) on AR and investigate the underlying mechanism. A total of 48 female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided int
• PMID 26684623

Japanese Journal

• Influence of sulfur dioxide on the respiratory system of Miyakejima adult residents 6 years after returning to the island

• ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ　ｏｆ　Ｏｃｃｕｐａｔｉｏｎａｌ　Ｈｅａｌｔｈ 59(4), 313-326, 2017
• NAID 130005865526

• Influence of sulfur dioxide on the respiratory system of Miyakejima adult residents 6 years after returning to the island

• ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ　ｏｆ　Ｏｃｃｕｐａｔｉｏｎａｌ　Ｈｅａｌｔｈ, 2017
• NAID 130005679526

• Pesticide exposure and subjective symptoms of cut-flower farmers

• Journal of Rural Medicine 12(1), 7-11, 2017
• NAID 130005675697

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Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「鼻汁」「nasal lavage fluid」「nasal drip」「鼻水」
関連記事	「run」「nose」「running」

「鼻汁」

　　[★]

英

nasal discharge、nasal lavage fluid、runny nose、nasal drip

関

鼻水、鼻洗浄液、鼻漏

• RSウイルス感染症、ヒトメタニューモウイルス感染症：粘性強い　透明～黄白色
• アデノウイルス感染症：黄色に近いいろ
• ライノウイルス感染症：青みがかった色

「nasal lavage fluid」

　　[★]

• 鼻汁

関

nasal discharge、nasal drip、nasal washing、runny nose

「nasal drip」

　　[★]

• 鼻汁

関

nasal discharge、nasal lavage fluid、runny nose

「鼻水」

　　[★]

英

runny nose

関

鼻汁

「run」

　　[★]

• v.

• (過去ran-過去分詞run)走る、移動する、(血液や体液が)流れる、(プログラムなどの)実行

関

carry out、execute、execution、flow、implement、implementation、migrate、move、movement、performance、practice、shift、transfer、translocate、travel

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「nose」

　　[★]

• n.

• 鼻、鼻端。嗅覚、匂い。機首、船首、突出部。ノーズ

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「running」

　　[★]

• ランニング、競走

関

race、racing