WordNet

(physical chemistry) a sample of matter in which substances in different phases are in equilibrium; "in a static system oil cannot be replaced by water on a surface"; "a system generating hydrogen peroxide"
instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity; "he bought a new stereo system"; "the system consists of a motor and a small computer"
a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole; "a vast system of production and distribution and consumption keep the country going" (同)scheme
a complex of methods or rules governing behavior; "they have to operate under a system they oppose"; "that language has a complex system for indicating gender" (同)system of rules
a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts; "the body has a system of organs for digestion"
a procedure or process for obtaining an objective; "they had to devise a system that did not depend on cooperation"
the living body considered as made up of interdependent components forming a unified whole; "exercise helped him get the alcohol out of his system"
the act of keeping something within specified bounds (by force if necessary); "the restriction of the infection to a focal area" (同)confinement
a principle that limits the extent of something; "I am willing to accept certain restrictions on my movements" (同)limitation
the grammatical relation that exists when a word qualifies the meaning of the phrase (同)qualifying, limiting
slightly modified copy; not an exact copy; "a modification of last years model"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(関連した部分から成る)『体系』,系統,組織[網],装置 / 〈C〉(教育・政治などの)『制度』,機構;《the~》体制 / 〈C〉(思想・学問などの)『体系』,学説 / 〈C〉(…の)『方法』,方式,やり方《+of doing》 / 〈U〉正しい方針(筋道,順序) / 〈U〉《the~》(身体の)組織,系統 / 〈U〉《the~,one's~》身体,全身
(…を)『制限』(『限定』)『すること』《+『of』+『名』》,制限(限定)されていること / 〈C〉(…に対する)制限事項,制約《+『on』(『against』)+『名』》
〈棟〉修正,変更)した(された)もの / 〈U〉〈C〉(文法で)修飾

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/12/31 13:57:47」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 成人の非糖尿病性慢性腎臓病患者に対する降圧療法と病状の進展 antihypertensive therapy and progression of nondiabetic chronic kidney disease in adults
2. 成人における肝性脳症：治療 hepatic encephalopathy in adults treatment
3. 高血圧治療におけるレニン・アンギオテンシン系阻害 renin angiotensin system inhibition in the treatment of hypertension
4. 遺伝学およびゲノミクスのためのツール：細胞遺伝学および分子遺伝学 tools for genetics and genomics cytogenetics and molecular genetics
5. ノカルジア症の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of nocardiosis

English Journal

Genome-guided analysis of transformation efficiency and carbon dioxide assimilation by Moorella thermoacetica Y72.

Tsukahara K1, Kita A1, Nakashimada Y2, Hoshino T1, Murakami K3.Author information 1Biomass Refinery Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 3-11-32 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan.2Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan.3Biomass Refinery Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 3-11-32 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan. Electronic address: katsuji-murakami@aist.go.jp.AbstractWe determined a draft genome sequence for Moorella thermoacetica strain Y72, a syngas-assimilating bacterium with high transformation efficiency. This strain was confirmed to be M. thermoacetica because its overall genome sequence characteristics were similar to those of M. thermoacetica strain ATCC39073. Y72 was confirmed to carry all the genes encoding the enzymes in the reductive acetyl-CoA pathway, with very high similarities to those of ATCC39073. In addition, it was confirmed to assimilate carbon dioxide using this pathway. However, although both Y72 and ATCC39073 carried common genes encoding several enzymes related to the reductive tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, their gene sets were different. Our results suggested that the reason for higher transformation efficiency in Y72 than that in ATCC39073, a reference strain of M. thermoacetica, may be that Y72 possesses only 2 sets of genes considered to be involved in a restriction-modification system, which was half of those found in ATCC39073.
Gene.Gene.2014 Feb 10;535(2):150-5. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.11.045. Epub 2013 Dec 6.
We determined a draft genome sequence for Moorella thermoacetica strain Y72, a syngas-assimilating bacterium with high transformation efficiency. This strain was confirmed to be M. thermoacetica because its overall genome sequence characteristics were similar to those of M. thermoacetica strain ATCC
PMID 24316126

To be or not to be: regulation of restriction-modification systems and other toxin-antitoxin systems.

Mruk I, Kobayashi I.Author information Department of Microbiology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, Gdansk, 80-308, Poland, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan and Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.AbstractOne of the simplest classes of genes involved in programmed death is that containing the toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems of prokaryotes. These systems are composed of an intracellular toxin and an antitoxin that neutralizes its effect. These systems, now classified into five types, were initially discovered because some of them allow the stable maintenance of mobile genetic elements in a microbial population through postsegregational killing or the death of cells that have lost these systems. Here, we demonstrate parallels between some TA systems and restriction-modification systems (RM systems). RM systems are composed of a restriction enzyme (toxin) and a modification enzyme (antitoxin) and limit the genetic flux between lineages with different epigenetic identities, as defined by sequence-specific DNA methylation. The similarities between these systems include their postsegregational killing and their effects on global gene expression. Both require the finely regulated expression of a toxin and antitoxin. The antitoxin (modification enzyme) or linked protein may act as a transcriptional regulator. A regulatory antisense RNA recently identified in an RM system can be compared with those RNAs in TA systems. This review is intended to generalize the concept of TA systems in studies of stress responses, programmed death, genetic conflict and epigenetics.
Nucleic acids research.Nucleic Acids Res.2014 Jan 7;42(1):70-86. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkt711. Epub 2013 Aug 13.
One of the simplest classes of genes involved in programmed death is that containing the toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems of prokaryotes. These systems are composed of an intracellular toxin and an antitoxin that neutralizes its effect. These systems, now classified into five types, were initially disco
PMID 23945938

ArdA proteins from different mobile genetic elements can bind to the EcoKI Type I DNA methyltransferase of E. coli K12.

Chen K1, Reuter M1, Sanghvi B1, Roberts GA1, Cooper LP1, Tilling M1, Blakely GW2, Dryden DT1.Author information 1EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK.2Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK.AbstractAnti-restriction and anti-modification (anti-RM) is the ability to prevent cleavage by DNA restriction-modification (RM) systems of foreign DNA entering a new bacterial host. The evolutionary consequence of anti-RM is the enhanced dissemination of mobile genetic elements. Homologues of ArdA anti-RM proteins are encoded by genes present in many mobile genetic elements such as conjugative plasmids and transposons within bacterial genomes. The ArdA proteins cause anti-RM by mimicking the DNA structure bound by Type I RM enzymes. We have investigated ArdA proteins from the genomes of Enterococcus faecalis V583, Staphylococcus aureus Mu50 and Bacteroides fragilis NCTC 9343, and compared them to the ArdA protein expressed by the conjugative transposon Tn916. We find that despite having very different structural stability and secondary structure content, they can all bind to the EcoKI methyltransferase, a core component of the EcoKI Type I RM system. This finding indicates that the less structured ArdA proteins become fully folded upon binding. The ability of ArdA from diverse mobile elements to inhibit Type I RM systems from other bacteria suggests that they are an advantage for transfer not only between closely-related bacteria but also between more distantly related bacterial species.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2013 Dec 22. pii: S1570-9639(13)00431-7. doi: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.12.008. [Epub ahead of print]
Anti-restriction and anti-modification (anti-RM) is the ability to prevent cleavage by DNA restriction-modification (RM) systems of foreign DNA entering a new bacterial host. The evolutionary consequence of anti-RM is the enhanced dissemination of mobile genetic elements. Homologues of ArdA anti-RM
PMID 24368349

Japanese Journal

Isolation and Molecular Characterization of a Multicellular Cyanobacterium, Limnothrix/Pseudanabaena sp. Strain ARRG5-3

Nishizawa Tomoyasu,Hanami Tomoyo,Hirano Eriko [他],MIURA Takamasa,WATANABE Yuko,TAKANEZAWA Akira,KOMATSUZAKI Masakazu,OHTA Hiroyuki,SHIRAI Makoto,ASAYAMA Munehiko
Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 74(9), 1827-1835, 2010-09-23
… Analysis of the restriction-modification system for genomic DNA revealed novel diversity. …
NAID 10027559405

Restriction on Conjugational Transfer of pLS20 in Bacillus subtilis 168

Ohtani Naoto,Sato Mitsuru,Tomita Masaru [他],ITAYA Mitsuhiro
Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 72(9), 2472-2475, 2008-09-23
… Marburg 168 is restricted by the BsuM restriction-modification system. … Restriction efficiency was measured using pLS20 derivatives possessing various numbers of XhoI sites, which are known to be recognized by BsuM. …
NAID 10027532397

好酸性細菌Acidocella facilis 22Mの制限修飾系遺伝子のクローニングと塩基配列決定

山岡誠司,田村隆,竹信尚典 [他],古城俊之,田中英彦,稲垣賢二
岡山大学農学部学術報告 92, 9-15, 2003-02-00
… The gene encoding the Afa22MI restriction-modification system recognizing the sequence 5'-CGATCG-3' was cloned from Acidocella facilis 22M and sequenced. … The cloned DNA fragment contained three genes encoding the Afa22MI methylase (M.Afa22MI) , the putative restriction endonuclease Afa22MI (R.Afa22MI) and a very short patch repair endonuclease (Afa22MI vsr) . …
NAID 120002311210