下垂体後葉
WordNet
- located at or near or behind a part or near the end of a structure
- of or relating to the pituitary gland; "pituitary hormone"
- the master gland of the endocrine system; located at the base of the brain (同)pituitary_gland, pituitary body, hypophysis
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》(生物学的に,位置が)後ろの,後部の / (時間・順序が)後の;(…より)後の《+『to』+『名』》(later) / しり(buttocks)
- 脳下垂体の(から得られた) / =pituitary gland
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/08/11 14:49:47」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
| Posterior pituitary |
|
Pituitary gland. Posterior pituitary is in blue and Anterior pituitary is in orange. Pars nervosa and infundibular stalk are not labeled, but pars nervosa is at bottom and infundibular stalk is at top.
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Median sagittal through the hypophysis of an adult monkey. (Posterior lobe labeled at bottom right.)
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| Details |
| Precursor |
Neural tube (downward-growth of the diencephalon)[1] |
| Artery |
inferior hypophyseal artery |
| Vein |
hypophyseal vein |
| Identifiers |
| Latin |
Pars nervosa glandulae pituitariae,
pars nervosa hypophyseos,
lobus posterior hypophyseos |
| MeSH |
A06.407.747.734 |
| NeuroLex ID |
Neurohypophosis |
Dorlands
/Elsevier |
Posterior pituitary hormones |
| TA |
A11.1.00.006 |
| FMA |
74628 |
| Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
|
The posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis) is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland which is part of the endocrine system. The posterior pituitary is not glandular as is the anterior pituitary. Instead, it is largely a collection of axonal projections from the hypothalamus that terminate behind the anterior pituitary, and serve as a site for the secretion of neurohypophysial hormones (oxytocin and vasopressin) directly into the blood.[2] The hypothalamic–neurohypophyseal system is composed of the hypothalamus (the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus), posterior pituitary, and these axonal projections.[2]
Contents
- 1 Structure
- 2 Function
- 3 Clinical significance
- 4 See also
- 5 References
- 6 External links
- 7 Additional images
Structure
The posterior pituitary consists mainly of neuronal projections (axons) of magnocellular neurosecretory cells extending from the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. These axons store and release neurohypophysial hormones oxytocin and vasopressin into the neurohypohyseal capillaries, from there they get into the systemic circulation (and partly back into the hypophyseal portal system). In addition to axons, the posterior pituitary also contains pituicytes, specialized glial cells resembling astrocytes assisting in the storage and release of the hormones.[3]
Classification of the posterior pituitary varies, but most sources include the two regions below:
- Pars nervosa
- Also called the neural lobe or posterior lobe, this region constitutes the majority of the posterior pituitary and is the storage site of oxytocin and vasopressin. Sometimes (incorrectly) considered synonymous with the posterior pituitary, the pars nervosa includes Herring bodies and pituicytes.[4]
- Infundibular stalk
- Also known as the infundibulum or pituitary stalk, the infundibular stalk bridges the hypothalamic and hypophyseal systems.
The median eminence is only occasionally included as part of the posterior pituitary. Other sources specifically exclude it from the pituitary.[5]
A few sources include the pars intermedia as part of the posterior lobe, but this is a minority view. It is based upon the gross anatomical separation of the posterior and anterior pituitary along the cystic remnants of Rathke's pouch, causing the pars intermedia to remain attached to the neurohypophysis.
Function
Hormone secretion
Two hormones are classically considered as being related to the posterior pituitary: oxytocin and vasopressin. These hormones are created in the hypothalamus and released in the posterior pituitary. After creation, they are stored in neurosecretory vesicles regrouped into Herring bodies before being secreted in the posterior pituitary via the bloodstream.
| Hormone |
Other names |
Symbol(s) |
Main targets |
Effect |
Source |
| Oxytocin |
|
OT |
Uterus, mammary glands |
Uterine contractions; lactation |
supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei |
| Vasopressin |
Antidiuretic hormone |
VP, AVP, ADH |
Kidneys and arterioles |
Stimulates water retention; raises blood pressure by contracting arterioles |
supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei |
Clinical significance
Insufficient secretion of vasopressin underlies diabetes insipidus, a condition in which the body loses the capacity to concentrate urine. Affected individuals excrete as much as 20 liters of dilute urine per day. Oversecretion of vasopressin causes the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).
See also
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
References
- ^ Embryology at unc.edu
- ^ a b Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 10: Neural and Neuroendocrine Control of the Internal Milieu". In Sydor A, Brown RY. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 246, 248–259. ISBN 9780071481274.
•The hypothalamic–neurohypophyseal system secretes two peptide hormones directly into the blood, vasopressin and oxytocin. ...
•The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. It comprises corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), released by the hypothalamus; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), released by the anterior pituitary; and glucocorticoids, released by the adrenal cortex.
•The hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis consists of hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH); the anterior pituitary hormone thyroid–stimulating hormone (TSH); and the thyroid hormones T3 and T4.
•The hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis comprises hypothalamic gonadotropin–releasing hormone (GnRH), the anterior pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and the gonadal steroids.
- ^ Hatton, GI (September 1988). "Pituicytes, glia and control of terminal secretion." (PDF). The Journal of Experimental Biology. 139: 67–79. PMID 3062122.
- ^ Histology image:14004loa from Vaughan, Deborah (2002). A Learning System in Histology: CD-ROM and Guide. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195151732.
- ^ Median eminence at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
External links
- www.pituitary.org — The Pituitary Network Association
Additional images
-
The posterior pituitary comprises the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
|
Anatomy of the endocrine system
|
| Pituitary gland |
| Anterior |
- Pars intermedia
- Pars tuberalis
- Pars distalis
- Acidophil cell
- Somatotropic cell
- Prolactin cell
- Somatomammotrophic cell
- Basophil cell
- Corticotropic cell
- Gonadotropic cell
- Thyrotropic cell
- Chromophobe cell
|
| Posterior |
- Pars nervosa
- Median eminence
- Stalk
- Pituicyte
- Herring bodies
|
|
| Thyroid |
- Follicular cell
- Parafollicular cell
|
| Parathyroid gland |
|
| Adrenal gland |
| Cortex |
- Zona glomerulosa
- Zona fasciculata
- Zona reticularis
|
| Medulla |
|
|
| Gonads |
- Testicle
- Ovary
- Theca interna
- Granulosa cell
- Corpus luteum
|
| Islets of pancreas |
- Alpha cell
- Beta cell
- PP cell
- Delta cell
- Epsilon cell
|
| Pineal gland |
- Pinealocyte
- Corpora arenacea
|
| Other |
- Enteroendocrine cell
- Paraganglia
- Placenta
|
|
Anatomy of the diencephalon of the human brain
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| Epithalamus |
| Surface |
- Pineal gland
- Habenula
- Habenular trigone
- Habenular commissure
|
| Grey matter |
- Pretectal area
- Habenular nuclei
- Subcommissural organ
|
|
| Thalamus |
| Surface |
- Stria medullaris of thalamus
- Thalamic reticular nucleus
- Taenia thalami
|
Grey matter/
nuclei |
- paired: AN
- Ventral
- Lateral
- Metathalamus
- midline: MD
- Intralaminar
- Midline nuclear group
- Interthalamic adhesion
|
| White matter |
- Mammillothalamic fasciculus
- Pallidothalamic tracts
- Ansa lenticularis
- Lenticular fasciculus
- Thalamic fasciculus
- PCML
- Medial lemniscus
- Trigeminal lemniscus
- Spinothalamic tract
- Lateral lemniscus
- Dentatothalamic tract
- Acoustic radiation
- Optic radiation
- Subthalamic fasciculus
- Anterior trigeminothalamic tract
|
|
| Hypothalamus |
| Surface |
- Median eminence/Tuber cinereum
- Mammillary body
- Infundibulum
|
| Grey matter |
| Autonomic zones |
- Anterior (parasympathetic/heat loss)
- Posterior (sympathetic/heat conservation)
|
| Endocrine |
- posterior pituitary: Paraventricular
- Magnocellular neurosecretory cell
- Parvocellular neurosecretory cell
- Supraoptic
- other: Arcuate (dopamine/GHRH)
- Preoptic (GnRH)
- Suprachiasmatic (melatonin)
|
| Emotion |
- Lateral
- Ventromedial
- Dorsomedial
|
|
| White matter |
- afferent
- Medial forebrain bundle
- Retinohypothalamic tract
- efferent
- Mammillothalamic fasciculus
- Stria terminalis
- Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
|
| Pituitary |
- Posterior is diencephalon, but anterior is glandular
|
|
| Subthalamus |
- Subthalamic nucleus
- Zona incerta
- Nuclei campi perizonalis (Fields of Forel)
|
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Vasotocin receptor blockade disrupts maternal care of offspring in a viviparous snake, Sistrurus miliarius.
- Lind CM1, Birky NK2, Porth AM2, Farrell TM2.
- Biology open.Biol Open.2017 Jan 9. pii: bio.022616. doi: 10.1242/bio.022616. [Epub ahead of print]
- Parental care is a complex social behavior that is widespread among vertebrates. The neuroendocrine regulation of parent-offspring social behavior has been well-described in mammals, and, to a lesser extent, birds and fish. However, little is known regarding the underlying mechanisms that mediate th
- PMID 28069591
- Hypofractionated stereotactic radiosurgery for pituitary metastases.
- Chon H1, Yoon K2, Kwon DH1,2, Kim CJ1,2, Kim MS3, Cho YH4,5.
- Journal of neuro-oncology.J Neurooncol.2017 Jan 9. doi: 10.1007/s11060-016-2346-z. [Epub ahead of print]
- Pituitary metastases (PMs) are uncommon, representing only 1% of pituitary lesions. The diagnosis of PMs can be challenging and an optimal management remains to be determined. Here, we present a pilot clinical study on the efficacy and safety of hypofractionated stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) with
- PMID 28070828
- Bidirectional Anticipation of Future Osmotic Challenges by Vasopressin Neurons.
- Mandelblat-Cerf Y1, Kim A2, Burgess CR1, Subramanian S1, Tannous BA3, Lowell BB4, Andermann ML5.
- Neuron.Neuron.2017 Jan 4;93(1):57-65. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.11.021. Epub 2016 Dec 15.
- Ingestion of water and food are major hypo- and hyperosmotic challenges. To protect the body from osmotic stress, posterior pituitary-projecting, vasopressin-secreting neurons (VPpp neurons) counter osmotic perturbations by altering their release of vasopressin, which controls renal water excretion.
- PMID 27989461
Japanese Journal
- 下垂体腫瘍摘出術後に発症した橋中心及び橋外性髄鞘崩壊症の1例
- Kisspeptin mRNA expression is increased in the posterior hypothalamus in the rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome
- 下垂体後葉ホルモン・オキシトシンと疼痛ならびに炎症調節作用との関連
Related Links
- posterior pituitary not itself the site of hormone synthesis, but the site of release of hormones formed in the hypothalamus by neurons whose axons form the hypophyseal-pituitary tract, store the hormones in their terminals, and ...
- Cost Effectiveness of Posterior pituitary | group5 = Clinical Trials Involving Posterior pituitary | list5 = Ongoing Trials on Posterior pituitary at Clinical Trials.gov • Trial results on Posterior pituitary • Clinical Trials on Posterior pituitary at ...
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
- 英
- posterior pituitary (Z), posterior lobe of hypophysis
- ラ
- lobus posterior hypophyseos
- 同
- 神経下垂体 neurohypophysis (Z)、神経性下垂体
- 関
- 下垂体
発生学的由来
- 第三脳室が突出したもの(PT.408)
- 間脳腹側部の神経上皮の一部より生じる
解剖
機能
-神経性下垂体
-neurohypophysis
[★]
- 英
- posterior pituitary gland、posterior pituitary
- 関
- 下垂体後葉
[★]
[★]
- 関
- after、afterward、afterwards、backward、behind、following、late、post、posteriorly、subsequent
[★]
- 関
- hypophyses、hypophysis、pituitary gland