神経下垂体
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/11/29 19:34:06」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
| Posterior pituitary |
|
Pituitary gland. Posterior pituitary is in blue. Pars nervosa and infundibular stalk are not labeled, but pars nervosa is at bottom and infundibular stalk is at top.)
|
|
Median sagittal through the hypophysis of an adult monkey. (Posterior lobe labeled at bottom right.)
|
| Details |
| Precursor |
Neural tube (downward-growth of the diencephalon)[1] |
| Artery |
inferior hypophyseal artery |
| Vein |
hypophyseal vein |
| Identifiers |
| Latin |
Pars nervosa glandulae pituitariae,
pars nervosa hypophyseos,
lobus posterior hypophyseos |
| MeSH |
A06.407.747.734 |
| NeuroLex ID |
Neurohypophosis |
| TA |
A11.1.00.006 |
| FMA |
74628 |
| Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
|
The posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis) is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland which is part of the endocrine system. The posterior pituitary is not glandular as is the anterior pituitary. Instead, it is largely a collection of axonal projections from the hypothalamus that terminate behind the anterior pituitary which serves as a site for the secretion of neurohypophysial hormones (oxytocin and vasopressin) directly into the blood.[2] The hypothalamic–neurohypophyseal system is composed of the hypothalamus (the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus), posterior pituitary, and these axonal projections.[2]
Contents
- 1 Structure
- 2 Function
- 3 Clinical significance
- 4 See also
- 5 References
- 6 External links
- 7 Additional images
Structure
The posterior pituitary consists mainly of neuronal projections (axons) of magnocellular neurosecretory cells extending from the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. These axons store and release neurohypophysial hormones oxytocin and vasopressin into the neurohypohyseal capillaries, from there they get into the systemic circulation (and partly back into the hypophyseal portal system). In addition to axons, the posterior pituitary also contains pituicytes, specialized glial cells resembling astrocytes assisting in the storage and release of the hormones.[3]
Classification of the posterior pituitary varies, but most sources include the two regions below:
- Pars nervosa
- Also called the neural lobe or posterior lobe, this region constitutes the majority of the posterior pituitary and is the storage site of oxytocin and vasopressin. Sometimes (incorrectly) considered synonymous with the posterior pituitary, the pars nervosa includes Herring bodies and pituicytes.[4]
- Infundibular stalk
- Also known as the infundibulum or pituitary stalk, the infundibular stalk bridges the hypothalamic and hypophyseal systems.
The median eminence is only occasionally included as part of the posterior pituitary. Other sources specifically exclude it from the pituitary.[5]
A few sources include the pars intermedia as part of the posterior lobe, but this is a minority view. It is based upon the gross anatomical separation of the posterior and anterior pituitary along the cystic remnants of Rathke's pouch, causing the pars intermedia to remain attached to the neurohypophysis.
Function
Hormone secretion
Two hormones are classically considered as being related to the posterior pituitary: oxytocin and vasopressin. These hormones are created in the hypothalamus and released in the posterior pituitary. After creation, they are stored in neurosecretory vesicles regrouped into Herring bodies before being secreted in the posterior pituitary into the bloodstream.
| Hormone |
Other names |
Symbol(s) |
Main targets |
Effect |
Source |
| Oxytocin |
|
OT |
Uterus, mammary glands |
Uterine contractions; lactation |
supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei |
| Vasopressin |
Antidiuretic hormone |
VP, AVP, ADH |
Kidneys and arterioles |
Stimulates water retention; raises blood pressure by contracting arterioles |
supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei |
Clinical significance
Insufficient secretion of vasopressin underlies diabetes insipidus, a condition in which the body loses the capacity to concentrate urine. Affected individuals excrete as much as 20 liters of dilute urine per day. Oversecretion of vasopressin causes the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).
See also
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
References
- ^ Embryology at unc.edu
- ^ a b Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 10: Neural and Neuroendocrine Control of the Internal Milieu". In Sydor A, Brown RY. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 246, 248–259. ISBN 9780071481274.
•The hypothalamic–neurohypophyseal system secretes two peptide hormones directly into the blood, vasopressin and oxytocin. ...
•The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. It comprises corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), released by the hypothalamus; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), released by the anterior pituitary; and glucocorticoids, released by the adrenal cortex.
•The hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis consists of hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH); the anterior pituitary hormone thyroid–stimulating hormone (TSH); and the thyroid hormones T3 and T4.
•The hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis comprises hypothalamic gonadotropin–releasing hormone (GnRH), the anterior pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and the gonadal steroids.
- ^ Hatton, GI (September 1988). "Pituicytes, glia and control of terminal secretion." (PDF). The Journal of Experimental Biology. 139: 67–79. PMID 3062122.
- ^ Histology image:14004loa from Vaughan, Deborah (2002). A Learning System in Histology: CD-ROM and Guide. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195151732.
- ^ Median eminence at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
External links
- www.pituitary.org — The Pituitary Network Association
Additional images
-
The posterior pituitary comprises the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
|
Anatomy of the endocrine system
|
|
| Pituitary gland |
| Anterior |
- Pars intermedia
- Pars tuberalis
- Pars distalis
- Acidophil cell
- Somatotropic cell
- Prolactin cell
- Somatomammotrophic cell
- Basophil cell
- Corticotropic cell
- Gonadotropic cell
- Thyrotropic cell
- Chromophobe cell
|
|
| Posterior |
- Pars nervosa
- Median eminence
- Stalk
- Pituicyte
- Herring bodies
|
|
|
| Thyroid gland |
- Thyroid isthmus
- Follicular cell
- Parafollicular cell
|
|
| Parathyroid gland |
|
|
| Adrenal gland |
| Cortex |
- Zona glomerulosa
- Zona fasciculata
- Zona reticularis
|
|
| Medulla |
|
|
|
| Gonads |
- Testicle
- Ovary
- Theca interna
- Granulosa cell
- Corpus luteum
|
|
| Islets of pancreas |
- Alpha cell
- Beta cell
- PP cell
- Delta cell
- Epsilon cell
|
|
| Pineal gland |
- Pinealocyte
- Corpora arenacea
|
|
| Other |
- Enteroendocrine cell
- Paraganglia
- Placenta
|
|
Anatomy of the diencephalon of the human brain
|
|
| Epithalamus |
| Surface |
- Pineal gland
- Habenula
- Habenular trigone
- Habenular commissure
|
|
| Grey matter |
- Pretectal area
- Habenular nuclei
- Subcommissural organ
|
|
|
| Thalamus |
| Surface |
- Stria medullaris of thalamus
- Thalamic reticular nucleus
- Taenia thalami
|
|
Grey matter/
nuclei |
- paired: AN
- Ventral
- Lateral
- Metathalamus
- midline: MD
- Intralaminar
- Midline nuclear group
- Interthalamic adhesion
|
|
| White matter |
- Mammillothalamic fasciculus
- Pallidothalamic tracts
- Ansa lenticularis
- Lenticular fasciculus
- Thalamic fasciculus
- PCML
- Medial lemniscus
- Trigeminal lemniscus
- Spinothalamic tract
- Lateral lemniscus
- Dentatothalamic tract
- Acoustic radiation
- Optic radiation
- Subthalamic fasciculus
- Anterior trigeminothalamic tract
|
|
|
| Hypothalamus |
| Surface |
- Median eminence/Tuber cinereum
- Mammillary body
- Infundibulum
|
|
| Grey matter |
| Autonomic zones |
- Anterior (parasympathetic/heat loss)
- Posterior (sympathetic/heat conservation)
|
|
| Endocrine |
- posterior pituitary: Paraventricular
- Magnocellular neurosecretory cell
- Parvocellular neurosecretory cell
- Supraoptic
- other: Arcuate (dopamine/GHRH)
- Preoptic (GnRH)
- Suprachiasmatic (melatonin)
|
|
| Emotion |
- Lateral
- Ventromedial
- Dorsomedial
|
|
|
| White matter |
- afferent
- Medial forebrain bundle
- Retinohypothalamic tract
- efferent
- Mammillothalamic fasciculus
- Stria terminalis
- Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
|
|
| Pituitary |
- Posterior is diencephalon, but anterior is glandular
|
|
|
| Subthalamus |
- Subthalamic nucleus
- Zona incerta
|
UpToDate Contents
全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.
English Journal
- Purinergic signaling pathways in endocrine system.
- Bjelobaba I1, Janjic MM1, Stojilkovic SS2.
- Autonomic neuroscience : basic & clinical.Auton Neurosci.2015 Sep;191:102-16. doi: 10.1016/j.autneu.2015.04.010. Epub 2015 Apr 25.
- Adenosine-5'-triphosphate is released by neuroendocrine, endocrine, and other cell types and acts as an extracellular agonist for ligand-gated P2X cationic channels and G protein-coupled P2Y receptors in numerous organs and tissues, including the endocrine system. The breakdown of ATP by ectonucleot
- PMID 25960051
- Vasopressin regulation of sodium transport in the distal nephron and collecting duct.
- Kortenoeven ML1, Pedersen NB2, Rosenbaek LL3, Fenton RA4.
- American journal of physiology. Renal physiology.Am J Physiol Renal Physiol.2015 Aug 15;309(4):F280-99. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00093.2015. Epub 2015 Jun 3.
- Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is released from the posterior pituitary gland during states of hyperosmolality or hypovolemia. AVP is a peptide hormone, with antidiuretic and antinatriuretic properties. It allows the kidneys to increase body water retention predominantly by increasing the cell surface e
- PMID 26041443
- Architecture of GnRH-Gonadotrope-Vasculature Reveals a Dual Mode of Gonadotropin Regulation in Fish.
- Golan M1, Zelinger E2, Zohar Y3, Levavi-Sivan B1.
- Endocrinology.Endocrinology.2015 Aug 11:en20151150. [Epub ahead of print]
- The function and components of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis are conserved among vertebrates, however in fish a neuroglandular mode of delivery (direct contact between axons and endocrine cells) was considered dominant, whereas in tetrapods hypothalamic signals are relayed to their targets via the
- PMID 26261873
Japanese Journal
- 中枢性尿崩症を合併した染色体-7とinv(3) (q21q26.2)を有する急性骨髄性白血病
- Immunohistochemical Localization of the Water Channels AQP4 and AQP5 in the Rat Pituitary Gland
- 生体リズムに関与する視床下部下垂体路の免疫組織学的三次元(3D)解析
Related Links
- Also found in: Dictionary/thesaurus, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia, 0.01 sec. neurohypophysis /neu·ro·hy·poph·y·sis/ (noor″o-hi-pof´ĭ-sis) the posterior (or neural) lobe of the pituitary gland, which stores oxytocin and vasopressin. neurohypophys´ial ...
- The posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis) comprises the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system. Despite its name, the posterior pituitary gland is not a gland, per se; rather, it is largely a collection of axonal ...
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
- 英
- posterior pituitary (Z), posterior lobe of hypophysis
- ラ
- lobus posterior hypophyseos
- 同
- 神経下垂体 neurohypophysis (Z)、神経性下垂体
- 関
- 下垂体
発生学的由来
- 第三脳室が突出したもの(PT.408)
- 間脳腹側部の神経上皮の一部より生じる
解剖
機能
-神経性下垂体
-neurohypophysis
[★]
視床下部漏斗
- 関
- infundibular stalk、infundibular stem、infundibulum、neurohypophysis、posterior pituitary gland
[★]
漏斗柄
- 関
- infundibular hypothalamus、infundibular stalk、infundibulum、neurohypophysis、posterior pituitary gland
[★]
- 関
- neurohypophysial、neurohypophysis
[★]
- 関
- neurohypophyseal、neurohypophysis