罹患率

関: attack rate、case rate、morbidity、prevalence、susceptibility

WordNet

the state of being susceptible; easily affected (同)susceptibleness
(epidemiology) the ratio (for a given time period) of the number of occurrences of a disease or event to the number of units at risk in the population
the quality of prevailing generally; being widespread; "he was surprised by the prevalence of optimism about the future"
be worthy of or have a certain rating; "This bond rates highly"
amount of a charge or payment relative to some basis; "a 10-minute phone call at that rate would cost $5" (同)charge per unit
a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit; "they traveled at a rate of 55 miles per hour"; "the rate of change was faster than expected"
a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure; "the literacy rate"; "the retention rate"; "the dropout rate"
assign a rank or rating to; "how would you rank these students?"; "The restaurant is rated highly in the food guide" (同)rank, range, order, grade, place
estimate the value of; "How would you rate his chances to become President?"; "Gold was rated highly among the Romans" (同)value
give (hair) the appearance of being fuller by using a rat
a pad (usually made of hair) worn as part of a womans coiffure
any of various long-tailed rodents similar to but larger than a mouse
catch rats, especially with dogs
desert ones party or group of friends, for example, for ones personal advantage
employ scabs or strike breakers in
the relative incidence of a particular disease
an abnormally gloomy or unhealthy state of mind; "his fear of being alone verges on morbidity" (同)morbidness
standing or position on a scale
a local tax on property (usually used in the plural)

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉(…に)(感染し)やすいこと,敏感《+to+名》 / 《複数形で》(傷つきやすい)感情
広く行きわっていること,普及 / 優勢,支配
〈C〉『割合』,『率』 / 〈C〉《the~,a~》『速度』(speed),進度 / 〈C〉『値段』,『相場』;料金 / 〈U〉等級(class),(…)等 / 《複数形ぃ》《英》地方税 / (…の金額に)…‘の'『値段を決める』,見積もる《+『名』+『at』+『名』》 / …‘を'『評価する』,みなす / 《米話》…‘に'値する,‘の'価値がある / 『評価される』;みなされる
…‘を'どなりつける
『ネズミ』 / ひきょう者,裏切り者 / ネズミをつかまえる / 《話》(人を)裏切る,密告する《+『on』+『名』〈人〉》
(神精が)病的なこと;不健全 / 《時にa ~》(一地方の)疾病率
〈C〉〈U〉（品質・技量などによる）格づけ,評価 / 〈C〉（個人・会社の経済的な）信用度 / 〈C〉(トン・馬力による)(船舶・車)の等級 / 〈C〉(テレビ・ラジオの)視聴率

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/06/23 14:46:49」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Prevalence in epidemiology is the proportion of a population found to have a condition (typically a disease or a risk factor such as smoking or seat-belt use). It is arrived at by comparing the number of people found to have the condition with the total number of people studied, and is usually expressed as a fraction, as a percentage or as the number of cases per 10,000 or 100,000 people. Point prevalence is the proportion of a population that has the condition at a specific point in time. Period prevalence is the proportion of a population that has the condition at some time during a given period (e.g., 12 month prevalence), and includes people who already have the condition at the start of the study period as well as those who acquire it during that period. Lifetime prevalence (LTP) is the proportion of a population that at some point in their life (up to the time of assessment) have experienced the condition.^[1]

Prevalence estimates are used by epidemiologists, health care providers, government agencies, and insurers.

Prevalence is contrasted with incidence, which is a measure of new cases arising in a population over a given period (month, year, etc.). The difference between prevalence and incidence can be summarized thus: prevalence answers "How many people have this disease right now?" and incidence answers "How many people per year newly acquire this disease?".

Examples and utility

In science, prevalence describes a proportion (typically expressed as a percentage). For example, the prevalence of obesity among American adults in 2001 was estimated by the U. S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) at approximately 20.9%.^[2]

Prevalence is a term which means being widespread and it is distinct from incidence. Prevalence is a measurement of all individuals affected by the disease at a particular time, whereas incidence is a measurement of the number of new individuals who contract a disease during a particular period of time.

To illustrate, a long term disease that was spread widely in a community in 2002 will have a high prevalence at a given point of 2003 (assuming it has a long duration) but it might have a low incidence rate during 2003 (i.e. lots of existing cases, but not many new ones in that year). Conversely, a disease that is easily transmitted but has a short duration might spread widely during 2002 but is likely to have a low prevalence at any given point in 2003 (due to its short duration) but a high incidence during 2002 (as many people develop the disease). As such, prevalence is a useful parameter when talking about long lasting diseases, such as HIV, but incidence is more useful when talking about diseases of short duration, such as chickenpox.

Uses

Lifetime prevalence

Lifetime prevalence (LTP) is the number of individuals in a statistical population that at some point in their life (up to the time of assessment) have experienced a "case" (e.g., a disorder), compared to the total number of individuals (i.e. it is expressed as a ratio or percentage). Often, a 12-month prevalence (or some other type of "period prevalence") is used in conjunction with lifetime prevalence. There is also point prevalence, the prevalence of disorder at a more specific (a month or less) point in time. There is also a related figure lifetime morbid risk - the theoretical prevalence at any point in life for anyone, regardless of time of assessment.

Period prevalence

In epidemiology, Period prevalence is the proportion of the population with a given disease or condition over a specific period of time. It could describe how many people in a population had a cold over the cold season in 2006, for example. It is expressed as a percentage of the population and can be described by the following formula:

Period prevalence (ratio) = Number of cases that occurred in a given period ÷ Number of people in the population during this period

The relationship between incidence (rate), point prevalence (ratio) and period prevalence (ratio) is easily explicated via an analogy with photography. Point prevalence is akin to a flashlit photograph: what is happening at this instant frozen in time. Period prevalence is analogous to a long exposure (seconds, rather than an instant) photograph: the number of events recorded in the photo whilst the camera shutter was open. In a movie each frame records an instant (point prevalence); by looking from frame to frame one notices new events (incident events) and can relate the number of such events to a period (number of frames); see incidence rate.

Point prevalence

In epidemiology, point prevalence is a measure of the proportion of people in a population who have a disease or condition at a particular time, such as a particular date. It is like a snap shot of the disease in time. It can be used for statistics on the occurrence of chronic diseases. This is in contrast to period prevalence which is a measure of the proportion of people in a population who have a disease or condition over a specific period of time, say a season, or a year. Point prevalence can be described by the formula: Prevalence = Number of existing cases on a specific date ÷ Number of people in the population on this date ^[3]

Limitations

It can be said that a very small error applied over a very large number of individuals (that is, those who are not affected by the condition in the general population during their lifetime; for example, over 95%) produces a relevant, non-negligible number of subjects who are incorrectly classified as having the condition or any other condition which is the object of a survey study: these subjects are the so-called false positives; such reasoning applies to the 'false positive' but not the 'false negative' problem where we have an error applied over a relatively very small number of individuals to begin with (that is, those who are affected by the condition in the general population; for example, less than 5%). Hence, a very high percentage of subjects who seem to have a history of a disorder at interview are false positives for such a medical condition and apparently never suffered a fully clinical syndrome.

A different but related problem in evaluating the public health significance of psychiatric conditions has been highlighted by Robert Spitzer of Columbia University: fulfillment of diagnostic criteria and the resulting diagnosis do not necessarily imply need for treatment.^[4]

A well-known statistical problem arises when ascertaining rates for disorders and conditions with a relatively low population prevalence or base rate. Even assuming that lay interview diagnoses are highly accurate in terms of sensitivity and specificity and their corresponding area under the ROC curve (that is, AUC, or area under the receiver operating characteristic curve), a condition with a relatively low prevalence or base-rate is bound to yield high false positive rates, which exceed false negative rates; in such a circumstance a limited positive predictive value, PPV, yields high false positive rates even in presence of a specificity which is very close to 100%.^[5]

References

^ Kenneth J. Rothman (21 June 2012). Epidemiology: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-19-975455-7.
^ http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity/trend/prev_reg.htm
^ Gerstman, B.B. (2003). Epidemiology Kept Simple: An Introduction to Traditional and Modern Epidemiology (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Liss.
^ Spitzer, Robert (February 1998). "Diagnosis and need for treatment are not the same". Archives of General Psychiatry 55 (2): 120. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.2.120. PMID 9477924.
^ Baldessarini, Ross J.; Finklestein S.; Arana G. W. (May 1983). "The predictive power of diagnostic tests and the effect of prevalence of illness". Archives of General Psychiatry 40 (5): 569–73. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790050095011. PMID 6838334.

External links

PlusNews, the UN's HIV/AIDS news service provides HIV prevalence rates for nearly 60 countries worldwide
Synopsis of article on "How Prevalent Is Schizophrenia?" from Public Library of Science

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Do Differential Response Rates to Patient Surveys Between Organizations Lead to Unfair Performance Comparisons?: Evidence From the English Cancer Patient Experience Survey.

Saunders CL1, Elliott MN, Lyratzopoulos G, Abel GA.
Medical care.Med Care.2016 Nov 24. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: Patient surveys typically have variable response rates between organizations, leading to concerns that such differences may affect the validity of performance comparisons.OBJECTIVE: To explore the size and likely sources of associations between hospital-level survey response rates and pa
PMID 26595223

Symptoms and findings in adult-onset celiac disease in a historical Danish patient cohort.

Schøsler L1, Christensen LA1, Hvas CL1.
Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology.Scand J Gastroenterol.2016 Mar;51(3):288-94. doi: 10.3109/00365521.2015.1092576. Epub 2015 Oct 9.
OBJECTIVE: The presentation of celiac disease (CD) has changed over the past decades. We aimed to describe the incidence of CD and its complications at diagnosis in a historical cohort in a well-defined population in Denmark.METHODS: We included all patients aged 15+ years, who lived in Aarhus Count
PMID 26452305

Gender differences in the relationship between resting heart rate variability and 24-hour blood pressure variability.

Thayer JF1, Sollers JJ2, Friedman BH3, Koenig J1.
Blood pressure.Blood Press.2016 Feb;25(1):58-62. doi: 10.3109/08037051.2016.1090721. Epub 2015 Sep 29.
The study explored the relationship between time- and frequency-domain indices of cardiac autonomic control and 24 h blood pressure variability (BPV) in a sample of healthy men and women. Vagally mediated cardiac control was inversely related to 24 h BPV, and measures of cardiac autonomic control we
PMID 26415550

Japanese Journal

群馬県内における乳がん検診の実施状況調査と受診率向上のための提案 : 日本と世界の乳がん検診の比較より

谷口杏奈,沼倉幸子,萩原健,上原真澄,根岸徹,土井邦雄
群馬県立県民健康科学大学紀要 6, 77-84, 2011-03
目的:群馬県内の乳がん検診の現状調査を行い,さらに日本と海外の乳がん検診の動向を比較し,受診率向上のための示唆を得る.方法:海外の乳がん検診受診率,海外の検診システムの調査を行う.また,日本国内の乳がん検診の動向の状況を調査する.また,群馬県内における検診の状況を調査する.結果:市町村によって様々な検診システムがあり,それぞれの地域の状況に応じた工夫がなされていた.しかし,群馬県内の乳がん検診受診 …
NAID 110008148683

Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Head and Neck Tumor: Disease Control and Morbidity Outcomes

Kodani Naohiro,Yamazaki Hideya,Tsubokura Takuji [他],SHIOMI Hiroya,KOBAYASHI Kana,NISHIMURA Takuya,AIBE Norihiro,IKENO Hiroyasu,NISHIMURA Tsunehiko
Journal of Radiation Research 52(1), 24-31, 2011
… Complete response rate and partial response rate were 32.4% and 38.6%, respectively. …
NAID 130000431328

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「有病率」「罹患率」「prevalence」「case rate」「罹病率」
関連記事	「rate」「morbidity」「rat」

「有病率」

　　[★]

英: prevalence rate, morbidity prevalence rate
関: 罹患率 incidence rate morbidity rate

有病率(prevalence)の定義

SUB.178

単位人口に対する一時点における疾病異常者の割合　　→　　静的な数字

有病率 = 集団のある一時点における疾病を有する者の数[人] / 集団の調査対象全員の数[人]

参考

厚労省平成17年患者調査報告（傷病分類編）

http://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/saikin/hw/kanja/05syoubyo/index.html

10月の時点での患者総数を表している。

厚労省　患者調査 > 平成20年患者調査 > 閲覧 > 年次 > 2008年

http://www.e-stat.go.jp/SG1/estat/List.do?lid=000001060268

「罹患率」

　　[★]

英: incidence rate, morbidity rate
同: 発病率、疾病率、罹病率
関: 有病率 prevalence ←　区別する！; 罹患期間

罹患率(incidence)の定義

SUB.178

単位人口(暴露人口、危険人口)に対する一定期間内に新たに疾病異常者となった者の割合　　→　　動的な数字

罹病率= 一定の観察期間内に新規発生した患者数 [人] / 危険暴露人口一人一人の観察期間の総和 [人年]

疾患と死亡に関わる疫学指標

国試

104G068

「prevalence」

　　[★]

n.

有病率、罹患率、蔓延、普及、流行

関: attack rate、case rate、epidemic、fashion、morbidity、morbidity rate、pervasive、prevail、prevalence rate、prevalent、spread、susceptibility

「case rate」

　　[★]

罹患率

関: attack rate、morbidity、morbidity rate、prevalence、susceptibility

「罹病率」

　　[★]

英: morbidity, morbidity rate
関: 罹患、罹患率、病的状態

「rate」

　　[★]

n.

(全体に対する部分などの割合を示す)率　　　⇔　(率を率で除すような比 ratioとは区別するでしょう)

vi.

格付けされる、等級に分けられる
影響力がある、重要な地位にある

vt.

～を値踏みする、～の価格を査定する
(～の重要性や価値を)評価する
(性能などによって)～を格付けする(等級に分ける)
(金融)(不動産の)課税額を決める
～に値する、～の価値がある

「morbidity」

　　[★]

(pl.)morbidities

n.

(医)病的状態、病的性質、。(一地方の)罹病率、罹患率

however, given the morbidity than can accompany this procedure, it is usually reserved for the patient who has failed 2-4 weeks of empirical therapy.(HIM.1183)

関: comorbidity; attack rate、case rate、morbid、morbidity rate、prevalence、susceptibility

「rat」

　　[★]

n.

(げっ歯類)ラット、(マウスも含めての総称)ネズミ、ラットの

関: laboratory rat、mouse、Norway rat、Rattus、Rattus norvegicus

[Rothman2012-1] Kenneth J. Rothman (21 June 2012). Epidemiology: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-19-975455-7.

[2] ttp://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity/trend/prev_reg.htm

[3] Gerstman, B.B. (2003). Epidemiology Kept Simple: An Introduction to Traditional and Modern Epidemiology (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Liss.

[Spitzer1998-4] Spitzer, Robert (February 1998). "Diagnosis and need for treatment are not the same". Archives of General Psychiatry 55 (2): 120. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.2.120. PMID 9477924.

[Baldessarini1993-5] Baldessarini, Ross J.; Finklestein S.; Arana G. W. (May 1983). "The predictive power of diagnostic tests and the effect of prevalence of illness". Archives of General Psychiatry 40 (5): 569–73. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790050095011. PMID 6838334.

匿名

検索

案内

案内

morbidity rate