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dividing an animal into right and left halves (同)median

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中間の,中間に位置する / 平均の,並なみの
mediumの複数形

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/13 18:41:49」(JST)

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Malleolus (Latin, "small hammer") is the bony prominence on each side of the ankle.

Each leg is supported by two bones, the tibia on the inner side (medial) of the leg and the fibula on the outer side (lateral) of the leg. The medial malleolus is the prominence on the inner side of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the tibia. The lateral malleolus is the prominence on the outer side of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the fibula.

Medial malleolus

The medial surface of the lower extremity of tibia is prolonged downward to form a strong pyramidal process, flattened from without inward - the medial malleolus.

The medial surface of this process is convex and subcutaneous.
The lateral or articular surface is smooth and slightly concave, and articulates with the talus.
The anterior border is rough, for the attachment of the anterior fibers of the deltoid ligament of the ankle-joint.
The posterior border presents a broad groove, the malleolar sulcus, directed obliquely downward and medially, and occasionally double; this sulcus lodges the tendons of the Tibialis posterior and Flexor digitorum longus.
The summit of the medial malleolus is marked by a rough depression behind, for the attachment of the deltoid ligament.

Structures that pass behind medial malleolus deep to flexor retinaculum:

Tibialis posterior tendon
Flexor digitorum longus
Posterior tibial artery
Posterior tibial vein
Tibial nerve
Flexor hallucis longus

Lateral malleolus

The lower extremity of the fibula, also called the distal extremity or external malleolus, is of a pyramidal form and somewhat flattened from side to side; it descends to a lower level than the medial malleolus.

The medial surface presents in front a smooth triangular surface, convex from above downward, which articulates with a corresponding surface on the lateral side of the talus. Behind and beneath the articular surface is a rough depression, which gives attachment to the posterior talofibular ligament.
The lateral surface is convex, subcutaneous, and continuous with the triangular, subcutaneous surface on the lateral side of the body.
The anterior border is thick and rough, and marked below by a depression for the attachment of the anterior talofibular ligament.
The posterior border is broad and presents the shallow malleolar sulcus, for the passage of the tendons of the Peronæi longus and brevis.
The summit is rounded, and gives attachment to the calcaneofibular ligament.

Structures that pass behind the lateral malleolus:

Superficial to superior peroneal retinaculum:

Sural nerve
Short saphenous vein

Deep to superior peroneal retinaculum

Peroneus longus tendon
Peroneus brevis tendon

Additional images

Bones of the right leg. Anterior surface.
Back of left lower extremity.
Lateral aspect of right leg.
Dorsum of Foot. Ankle joint. Deep dissection
Dorsum of Foot. Ankle joint. Deep dissection
Ankle joint. Deep dissection. Anterior view.
Ankle joint. Deep dissection. Lateral view.
Ankle joint. Deep dissection.
Ankle joint. Deep dissection.
Ankle joint. Deep dissection.
Ankle joint. Deep dissection.
Ankle joint. Deep dissection.
Ankle and tarsometarsal joints. Bones of foot.Deep dissection.
Ankle and tarsometarsal joints. Bones of foot.Deep dissection.
Ankle joint. Bones of foot.Deep dissection.
Ankle and tarsometatarsal joint. Deep dissection.Anterior view

References

This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

External links

Diagnostic imaging

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人における足関節骨折の概要 overview of ankle fractures in adults
2. 小児における足関節骨折 ankle fractures in children
3. Syndesmotic ankle injury (high ankle sprain)
4. 足首の捻挫 ankle sprain
5. 成人における脛骨骨折の概要 overview of tibial fractures in adults

English Journal

Radiographic Identification of the Deltoid Ligament Complex of the Medial Ankle.

Clanton TO1, Williams BT2, James EW2, Campbell KJ2, Rasmussen MT2, Haytmanek CT3, Wijdicks CA2, LaPrade RF3.
The American journal of sports medicine.Am J Sports Med.2015 Oct 6. pii: 0363546515605514. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: An injury to the deltoid ligament complex of the ankle can require surgical intervention in cases of chronic instability. There is an absence of data describing medial ankle ligament anatomy on standard radiographic views.PURPOSE: To quantitatively describe the anatomic origins and inser
PMID 26443536

Pre-Operative Antisepsis Protocol Compliance and the Effect on Bacterial Load Reduction.

Lundberg PW1, Smith AA1, Heaney JB1, Wimley WC2, Hauch AT1, Nichols RL1, Korndorffer JR Jr1.
Surgical infections.Surg Infect (Larchmt).2015 Oct 2. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: Adequate skin preparation is essential to preventing surgical site infection. Many products are available, each with specific manufacturers' directions. This lack of standardization may lead to incorrect use of the agents and affect the bacterial load reduction. We hypothesize that a lac
PMID 26431266

Medial malleolus screws: out in one view and out.

Wera JC1, Seligson D2, Riehl JT3.
European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology : orthopédie traumatologie.Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol.2015 Oct;25(7):1189-93. doi: 10.1007/s00590-015-1673-7. Epub 2015 Jul 22.
Cartilage damage or mechanical blocking from screw penetration into intra-articular cartilage can reduce the chances of successful outcomes during medial malleolus fixation. There have been diverging opinions among surgeons concerning the reliability of radiographic assessment of fracture fixation a
PMID 26198780

Japanese Journal

症例サッカー選手に発生した足関節内果部の偽関節様病変の4例

松村忠紀,渡邉耕太,神谷智昭 [他]
整形・災害外科 56(2), 201-204, 2013-02
NAID 40019577531

人工膝関節全置換術が足関節のX線学的形態に及ぼす影響

宮城哲,王寺享弘,吉本隆昌 [他]
整形外科 63(5), 405-409, 2012-05
NAID 40019302502

Hind limb of the Nacholapithecus kerioi holotype and implications for its positional behavior

NAKATSUKASA Masato,KUNIMATSU Yutaka,SHIMIZU Daisuke [他],NAKANO YOSHIHIKO,KIKUCHI YASUHIRO,ISHIDA HIDEMI
Anthropological Science 120(3), 235-250, 2012
… Whereas the morphologies of the talocrural and intertarsal joints are generally similar to those of the other fossil hominoids, the tibial malleolus is extremely thick and asymmetry of the talar trochlea groove is more emphasized due to a more prominent lateral trochlear rim than in Proconsul and other African fossil hominoids. … The distal tarsal row, which is represented only by the medial cuneiform, though, is extremely large for the presumed body mass. …
NAID 130001906218

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「内果」
関連記事	「medial」「media」「malleolus」

「内果」

Malleolus
	Coronal section through right talocrural and talocalcaneal joints.
	Back of left lower extremity. (Medial malleolus labeled at bottom right.)
Details
Latin	Malleoli
Identifiers
Gray's	p.5
Dorlands; /Elsevier	m_02/12511187
TA	A02.5.06.020; A02.5.07.014
	Anatomical terms of bone