WordNet

relating to or being on the side closer to the center or within a defined space; "he reached into his inside jacket pocket"; "inside out"; "an inside pitch is between home plate and the batter"
the inner or enclosed surface of something (同)interior
the region that is inside of something (同)interior
within a building; "in winter we play inside" (同)indoors
confined to an exclusive group; "privy to inner knowledge"; "inside information"; "privileged information" (同)inner, privileged
on the inside; "inside, the car is a mess" (同)within
away from the outer edge; "an inner lahne"; "the inside lane"
being or applying to the inside of a building; "an inside wall"
located or occurring within or closer to a center; "an inner room"
located inward; "Beethovens manuscript looks like a bloody record of a tremendous inner battle"- Leonard Bernstein; "she thinks she has no soul, no interior life, but the truth is that she has no access to it"- David Denby; "an internal sense of rightousness"- A.R.Gurney,Jr. (同)interior, internal
innermost or essential; "the inner logic of Cubism"; "the internal contradictions of the theory"; "the intimate structure of matter" (同)internal, intimate
exclusive to a center; especially a center of influence; "inner regions of the organization"; "inner circles of government"
inside or closer to the inside of the body; "the inner ear"
situated within or suitable for inside a building; "an interior scene"; "interior decoration"; "an interior bathroom without windows"
of or coming from the middle of a region or country; "upcountry districts" (同)midland, upcountry
inside and toward a center; "interior regions of the earth"
in a medial position; "this consonant always occurs medially"
dividing an animal into right and left halves (同)median

PrepTutorEJDIC

《the~》(物事の)『内部,内側』;内面 / 《しばしば複数形で》《話》おなか,腹 / 『内部の』,内側の;内面の;秘密の;(野球で)内角の / 『中へ』(で),屋内で(に)(indoors) / 『…の中で』(に,へ) / …以内に
『内側の』,『内部の』,奥の / 『精神の』,心の / 親密な;内密の
〈U〉(物の)『内部』,内側 / 〈C〉(海岸や国境から遠い)『浅地』,内陸部 / 〈U〉《the~》 / 『内部の』 / 『奥地の』,内陸部の
中間の,中間に位置する / 平均の,並なみの

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/25 03:39:11」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

The vastus medialis (/ˈvæstəs ˌmɛdiˈeɪlɨs/ or /ˈvæstəs ˌmɛdiˈælɨs/) (vastus internus or teardrop muscle) is an extensor muscle located medially in the thigh that extends the knee. The vastus medialis is part of the quadriceps muscle group.

Structure

The vastus medialis is a muscle present in the anterior compartment of thigh, and is one of the four muscles that make up the quadriceps muscle. ^[a] It is the most medial of the "vastus" group of muscles, the others being vastus intermedius and vastus lateralis. The vastus medialis arises medially along the entire length of the femur, and attaches with the other muscles of the quadriceps in the quadriceps tendon.^[1]

The vastus medialis muscle originates from a continuous line of attachment on the femur, which begins on the front and middle side (anteromedially) on the intertrochanteric line of the femur. It continues down and back (posteroinferiorly) along the pectineal line and then descends along the inner (medial) lip of the linea aspera and onto the medial supracondylar line of the femur. The fibers converge onto the inner (medial) part of the quadriceps femoris tendon and the inner (medial) border of the patella.^[1]

The obliquus genus muscle is the most distal segment of the vastus medialis muscle. Its specific training plays an important role in maintaining patella position and limiting injuries to the knee. With no clear delineation, it is simply the most distal fibers of the vastus medialis.

Function

The vastus medialis is one of five muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh.^[1] It is involved in knee extension, along with the other muscles which make up the quadriceps muscle.^[1] The vastus medialis also contributes to correct tracking of the patella^[2]

A division of the vastus medialis muscle into two groups of fibers has been hypothesized, a long and relatively inline group of fibres with the quadriceps ligament, the vastus medialis longus; and a shorter and more obliquely oriented with group of fibbres, the vastus medialis obliquus. There is as yet insufficient evidence to conclusively confirm or deny this hypothesis.^[3]

Clinical significance

Knee pain

Knee pain is thought to be primarily associated with specific quadriceps muscle weakness or fatigue, especially in the vastus mediallis obliquus (VMO). It is known that fatigue can be caused by many different mechanisms, ranging from the accumulation of metabolites within muscle fibers to the generation of an inadequate motor command in the motor cortex.^[4] Characteristics of the vastus medialis, including its angle of insertion, correlate with presence of knee joint pain (patellofemoral pain syndrome).^[5] However, this syndrome is complex and definitive evidence of causality has not yet been published.

Misfiring and fatiguing of the VMO causes mal-tracking of the patella and subsequent damage to surrounding structures creating increased force on the knees, often resulting in injuries such as patellofemoral pain syndrome, anterior cruciate ligament rupture, chondromalacia, and tendinitis.^[6] Through the use of electromyography, researchers can evaluate and record the electrical activity produced by the skeletal muscle of the VMO to analyze the biomechanics and detect any possible abnormalities, weakness, or fatigue. With an analysis of muscle activity of the VMO through the use of electromyography, proper rehabilitative plans and goals can be established to not only correct the already established abnormality, but even prevent such injuries if tested sooner. Preventing injuries is crucial as well as teaching proper training techniques to ensure there are no valgus collapse forces causing unplanned stress on other structures of the knee, causing asymmetry, and predisposing that individual for injury.

Additional images

Right femur. Posterior surface.
Muscles of the iliac and anterior femoral regions.
The femoral artery.
Vastus medialis
Vastus medialis muscle
Vastus medialis muscle
Vastus medialis muscle
Vastus medialis muscle
Vastus medialis muscle
Muscles of thigh. Cross section.

Notes

^ The others being the vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius and rectus femoris.^[1]

References

This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell; illustrations by Richard; Richardson, Paul (2005). Gray's anatomy for students. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. p. 518-519. ISBN 978-0-8089-2306-0.
^ Sheehan, FT; Borotikar, BS; Behnam, AJ; Alter, KE (2012). "Alterations in in vivo knee joint kinematics following a femoral nerve branch block of the vastus medialis: Implications for patellofemoral pain syndrome". Clinical biomechanics 27 (6): 525–31. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2011.12.012. PMC 3328589. PMID 22244738.
^ Smith, TO; Nichols, R; Harle, D; Donell, ST (2009). "Do the vastus medialis obliquus and vastus medialis longus really exist? A systematic review". Clinical Anatomy 22 (2): 183–99. doi:10.1002/ca.20737. PMID 19090000.
^ Enoka, RM; Duchateau, J (2008). "Muscle fatigue: what, why, and how it influences muscle function". The Journal of Physiology 586 (1): 11–23. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.139477. PMC 2375565. PMID 17702815.
^ Jan, MH; Lin, DH; Lin, JJ; Lin, CH; Cheng, CK; Lin, YF (2009). "Differences in sonographic characteristics of the vastus medialis obliquus between patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome and healthy adults". The American journal of sports medicine 37 (9): 1743–9. doi:10.1177/0363546509333483. PMID 19521000.
^ Lefebvre, R; Leroux, A; Poumarat, G; Galtier, B; Guillot, M; Vanneuville, G; Boucher, JP (2006). "Vastus medialis: anatomical and functional considerations and implications based upon human and cadaveric studies". Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 29 (2): 139–144. doi:10.1016/j.jmpt.2005.12.006. PMID 16461173.

External links

The KNEEguru - educational site packed with knee content with sections on the quadriceps muscle
Cross section image: pembody/body18b - Plastination Laboratory at the Medical University of Vienna
PTCentral

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 膝蓋骨外側脱臼の認識および初期マネージメント recognition and initial management of lateral patellar dislocations
2. 大腿四頭筋腱の損傷 quadriceps muscle and tendon injuries
3. 膝蓋大腿疼痛 patellofemoral pain
4. 膝部の運動器超音波 musculoskeletal ultrasound of the knee
5. 膝蓋骨骨折 patella fractures

English Journal

Muscle and tendon adaptation in adolescent athletes: A longitudinal study.

Mersmann F1,2, Bohm S1,2, Schroll A1,2, Boeth H3, Duda GN2,3, Arampatzis A1,2.
Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports.Scand J Med Sci Sports.2015 Dec 8. doi: 10.1111/sms.12631. [Epub ahead of print]
There is evidence that a non-uniform adaptation of muscle and tendon in young athletes results in increased tendon stress during mid-adolescence. The present longitudinal study investigated the development of the morphological and mechanical properties of muscle and tendon of volleyball athletes in
PMID 26644277

Does muscle coactivation influence joint excursions during gait in children with and without hemiplegic cerebral palsy? Relationship between muscle coactivation and joint kinematics.

Gross R1, Leboeuf F2, Hardouin JB3, Perrouin-Verbe B2, Brochard S4, Rémy-Néris O4.
Clinical biomechanics (Bristol, Avon).Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon).2015 Dec;30(10):1088-93. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2015.09.001. Epub 2015 Sep 8.
BACKGROUND: The theoretical role of muscle coactivation is to stiffen joints. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between muscle coactivation and joint excursions during gait in children with and without hemiplegic cerebral palsy.METHODS: Twelve children with hemiplegic cerebral pal
PMID 26377949

Increased motor unit potential shape variability across consecutive motor unit discharges in the tibialis anterior and vastus medialis muscles of healthy older subjects.

Hourigan ML1, McKinnon NB2, Johnson M1, Rice CL3, Stashuk DW4, Doherty TJ5.
Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology.Clin Neurophysiol.2015 Dec;126(12):2381-9. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.02.002. Epub 2015 Feb 12.
OBJECTIVE: To study the potential utility of using near fiber (NF) jiggle as an assessment of neuromuscular transmission stability in healthy older subjects using decomposition-based quantitative electromyography (DQEMG).METHODS: The tibialis anterior (TA) and vastus medialis (VM) muscles were teste
PMID 25727901

Japanese Journal

太白穴への鍼刺激が膝関節伸展運動時における大腿四頭筋の筋機能に与える影響 : 公孫穴との比較

日本東洋医学雑誌 67(3), 257-263, 2016
NAID 40020930360

下部体幹の安定性が内側広筋筋活動に及ぼす影響

専門リハビリテーション 15, 22-24, 2016
NAID 40020833771

Changes in the hardness of the gastrocnemius muscle during a Kendo training camp as determined using ultrasound real-time tissue elastography

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine 5(3), 239-245, 2016
NAID 130005165306

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「interior」「内側」「inside」「inner」「medially」
関連記事	「medial」

「interior」

Vastus medialis
	Muscles of lower extremity
Details
Latin	Musculus vastus medialis or musculus vastus internus
Origin	Medial side of femur
Insertion	Quadriceps tendon
Artery	Femoral artery
Nerve	Femoral nerve
Actions	Extends leg
Identifiers
Gray's	p.471
Dorlands; /Elsevier	Vastus medialis muscle
TA	A04.7.02.023
FMA	22432
	Anatomical terms of muscle