"Estrogen therapy" redirects here. For the use of estrogens in cancer treatment, see Estrogen therapy (oncology).
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is any form of hormone therapy wherein the patient, in the course of medical treatment, receives hormones, either to supplement a lack of naturally occurring hormones, or to substitute other hormones for naturally occurring hormones. Common forms of hormone replacement therapy include:
- Hormone replacement therapy for menopause is based on the idea that the treatment may prevent discomfort caused by diminished circulating estrogen and progesterone hormones, or in the case of the surgically or prematurely menopausal, that it may prolong life and may reduce incidence of dementia.[1] It involves the use of one or more of a group of medications designed to artificially boost hormone levels. The main types of hormones involved are estrogens, progesterone or progestins, and sometimes testosterone. It is often referred to as "treatment" rather than therapy.
- Hormone replacement therapy for transgender people introduces hormones associated with the gender that the patient identifies with (notably testosterone for trans men and estrogen for trans women). Some intersex people may also receive HRT. Cross-sex hormone treatment for transgender individuals is divided into two main types: hormone replacement therapy (female-to-male) and hormone replacement therapy (male-to-female).
- Androgen replacement therapy (andropausal and ergogenic use) is a hormone treatment often prescribed to counter the effects of male hypogonadism. It is also prescribed to lessen the effects or delay the onset of normal male aging. Additionally, androgen replacement therapy is used for men who have lost their testicular function to disease, cancer, or other causes.[2]
Effects on biological females
As recently as 2005 biological women have had a positive attitude towards hormone replacement therapy but based on the empirical data these attitudes may be overly optimistic.[3] There is still much to learn about how HRT affects people. In the combined hormone trial, the WHI tested only one estrogen (Premarin) and one progestin (Provera), in a single pill (Prempro), at a single dose (0.625 mg Premarin and 2.5 mg Provera). Therefore the results are not reliable nor representative.
To avoid HRT risks it is essential to use the most effective delivery method of both estrogen and progesterone. Bioidentical estradiol (estrogen) when taken orally is converted in the liver to estrone, a weaker bioidentical estrogen. However when estrogen as estradiol is used transdermally as a patch, gel, or pessary, it enters the bloodstream as bioidentical estradiol. When estrogen is ingested it is subjected to first pass metabolism (Phase I drug metabolism) and is processed through the liver. This first pass metabolism stimulates proteins associated with heart disease and stroke, such as C-reactive protein, activated protein C, and clotting factors. Using a patch, gel or pessary to take estrogen avoids first pass metabolism and the risks associated with it and the same level of blood concentration can be achieved avoiding the serious side effects associated with oral estradiol HRT. Current research shows that the transdermal route of estradiol administration can also be advantageous for women with diabetes, hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors, as those risks increase with advancing age.[4] Women taking bioidentical estrogen, orally or transdermally, who have a uterus must still take an FDA-approved progestin or micronized progesterone to lower the risk of endometrial cancer. The natural, plant-derived progesterone creams sold over the counter contain too little progesterone to be effective. Wild yam (Dioscorea villosa) extract creams are not effective since the natural progesterone present in the extract is not bioavailable.[5]
Past research has highlighted potential risks of HRT. The principal results from the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial was that hazard rate of invasive breast cancer exceeded the stopping boundary for this adverse effect and the global index statistic supported risks exceeding benefits.[6]
A study where women going through menopause using HRT with Progestin as a major component of the therapy showed a few negative effects on hearing, which highlights the importance of choosing bioidentical progesterone instead of synthetic progestin. Not only does the Progestin decrease the functionality of many regions of the ear it also reduces the effectiveness in parts of the central nervous system used for hearing.[7] Also in some situations it has been shown that menopausal women who are caregivers and receive HRT can have an increased chance for cardiovascular issues. As caregivers it is implied that they have more acute stress in their lives and that acute stress along with the HRT is priming negative cardiovascular effects.[8]
Recent research done by the Million Women Study, funded by Cancer Research UK has proven that certain forms of HRT increase the risk of endometrial (womb) cancer. However, previous research has shown that the combined type of HRT poses a greater breast cancer risk than tibolone or oestrogen (estradiol)-only HRT and, because breast cancer is more common than endometrial cancer, the researchers believe that when considering the overall effect of HRT it is important to look at both breast and endometrial cancer.[9] However this study was conducted using oral estradiol instead of transdermal estradiol which avoids the risks which the study highlights. Again, this shows that the combined estrogen patch (such as Evorel® Conti) or gel (ESTROGEL PROPAK™ - 17ß-estradiol and micronized progesterone) is the preferable treatment choice.[10]
The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada recommends Transdermal Estrogen and Micronized Progesterone as a first line hormone therapy option stating that the overall benefits of this therapy include reduction of vasomotor symptoms (hot flashes), lower risk of osteoporotic fractures, lessening of urogenital atrophy, lowering somatic pain and arthralgia, lowering the risk of colorectal cancer and mood stabilisation.[10]
There is a structural difference between hormone therapies that are bioidentical and those that are non-bioidentical, as non-bioidentical are responsible for side effects and health risks in humans. However, they can have positive health benefits for women, and bioidentical hormones can be customized from individual to individual.[11]
Hormone replacement therapy has been shown to have other beneficial effects. In a study women taking estrogen through HRT showed that the estrogen positively affects the prefrontal cortex by boosting the working memory. This suggests that estrogen may play a key role in certain frontal lobe functions in women.[12] Women using HRT after menopause have no additional weight gain compared to women who do not use HRT.[13] Also women who use HRT with an estrogen component show positive effects in their sex life (mainly increasing their sex drive and sexual sensitivity) but the effects are inconsistent across women. These sexual improvements may dissipate after receiving some forms of HRT for extended periods of time.[14]
See also
- Hormone therapy
- Ergogenic use of anabolic steroids
- Anabolic steroid
- Andropause
- Endocrinology
- Hormone replacement therapy (menopause)
References
- ^ Shuster, Lynne T.; Rhodes, Deborah J.; Gostout, Bobbie S.; Grossardt, Brandon R.; Rocca, Walter A. (2010). "Premature menopause or early menopause: Long-term health consequences". Maturitas 65 (2): 161–166. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.08.003. ISSN 0378-5122. PMC 2815011. PMID 19733988. edit
- ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1508369/
- ^ Sveinsdóttir, Herdís; Ólafsson, Ragnar F. (June 2006). "Women's attitudes to hormone replacement therapy in the aftermath of the Women's Health Initiative study". Journal of Advanced Nursing (Wiley) 54 (5): 572–584. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03862.x. PMID 16722955.
- ^ L’Hermite, M. (August 2013). "HRT optimization, using transdermal estradiol plus micronized progesterone, a safer HRT". Climacteric (Informa Healthcare) 16 (S1): 44–53. doi:10.3109/13697137.2013.808563. PMID 23848491. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
- ^ "What are bioidentical hormones?". Harvard Women’s Health Watch. Harvard Women’s Health Watch. August 2006. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
- ^ Rossouw, Jacques E. (July 2002). "Risks and Benefits of Estrogen Plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women". JAMA (The American Medical Association) 288 (3): 321–3. doi:10.1001/jama.288.3.321. PMID 12117397. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
- ^ Guimaraes, P.; S.T. Frisnina; F. Mapes; S. F. Tadros; R. Frisina; R. D. Frisina (2006). "Progestin Negatively Affects Hearing in Aged Women". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103 (38): 14246–14249. doi:10.1073/pnas.0606891103.
- ^ Aschbacher, K.; R. Kanel; P. J. Mills; S. Hong; S. K. Roepke; B. T. Mausbach; T. L. Patterson; M. G. Ziegler; J. E. Dimsdale; S. Ancoli-Israel; I. Grant (2008). "Combination of caregiving stress and hormone replacement therapy is associated with prolonged platelet activation to acute stress among postmenopausal women.". Psychosomatic Medicine 69 (9): 910–917. doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31815a8ba8.
- ^ [1]
- ^ a b "Transdermal Estrogen and Micronized Progesterone: A First Line Hormone Therapy Option" (PDF). Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. June 2012. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
- ^ Dr. Daniel Catz (June 2012). "The Basics of Bioidentical Hormone Replacement Therapy". Retrieved November 19, 2014.
- ^ Duff, S. J.; E. Hampson (2000). "A beneficial effect of estrogen on working memory in postmenopausal women taking hormone replacement therapy". Hormones and Behavior 38 (4): 262–276. doi:10.1006/hbeh.2000.1625.
- ^ Reimer, R.A.; C. T. Debert; J. L. House; M. J. Poulin (2005). "Dietary and metabolic differences in pre-versus postmenopausal women taking or not taking hormone replacement therapy". Physiology & Behavior 84 (2): 303–312. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.12.011.
- ^ Sarrel, Philip M. (January 2000). "Effects of hormone replacement therapy on sexual psychophysiology and behavior in postmenopause". Journal of Women's Health (Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.) 9 (s1): 25–32. doi:10.1089/152460900318830. PMID 10695871.
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Surgery involving the endocrine system (ICD-9-CM V3 06–07, ICD-10-PCS 0G)
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| Pancreas |
- Islet cell transplantation
- see also digestive system procedures
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| Pituitary |
- Hypophysectomy
- Transsphenoidal surgery
- Combined rapid anterior pituitary evaluation panel
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| Thyroid |
- Thyroidectomy
- Parathyroidectomy
- Tests
- Radioactive iodine uptake test
- Sestamibi parathyroid scan
- TRH stimulation test
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| Adrenal gland |
- Adrenalectomy
- Tests
- Dexamethasone suppression test
- ACTH stimulation test
- Captopril suppression test
- Fluid deprivation test
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| Pineal gland |
|
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| General hormone therapy |
- Replacement therapy
- in oncology
- Sex reassignment
- female-to-male
- male-to-female
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Index of hormones
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| Description |
- Glands
- Hormones
- thyroid
- mineralocorticoids
- Physiology
- Development
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|
| Disease |
- Diabetes
- Congenital
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
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| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- calcium balance
- corticosteroids
- oral hypoglycemics
- pituitary and hypothalamic
- thyroid
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Androgenics
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|
Receptor
(ligands) |
|
AR
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Agonists
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|
|
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Mixed (SARMs)
|
- AC-262,356
- Andarine
- BMS-564,929
- Enobosarm
- LGD-2226
- LGD-3303
- LGD-4033
- S-23
- S-40503
- TFM-4AS-1
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|
|
Antagonists
|
- 3α-Hydroxytibolone
- 3β-Hydroxytibolone
- Abiraterone
- Abiraterone acetate
- ARN-509
- Benorterone
- Bicalutamide
- BMS-641,988
- BOMT
- Canrenoic acid
- Canrenone
- Chlormadinone acetate
- Cimetidine
- Cioteronel
- Cyproterone
- Cyproterone acetate
- Delanterone
- Dienogest
- Drospirenone
- Enzalutamide
- Epitestosterone
- Flutamide
- Galeterone
- Hydroxyflutamide
- Inocoterone
- Ketoconazole
- Megestrol acetate
- Metogest
- Mifepristone
- Nilutamide
- Nomegestrol
- Nordinone
- Norgestimate
- Osaterone
- Oxendolone
- PF-998425
- Potassium canrenoate
- R2956
- Rosterolone
- RU-58642
- RU-58841
- Spironolactone
- Topilutamide (fluridil)
- Topterone
- Zanoterone
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| Enzyme |
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Modulators
|
- 20,22-desmolase, 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase, 3β-HSD, 17β-HSD, 5α-reductase, and aromatase) (see also Steroid hormone metabolism modulator)
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| Others |
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Precursors/prohormones
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- Cholesterol
- 22R-Hydroxycholesterol
- 20α,22R-Dihydroxycholesterol
- Pregnenolone
- Pregnenolone sulfate
- 17-Hydroxypregnenolone
- Progesterone
- 17-Hydroxyprogesterone
- 11-Deoxycortisol (cortodoxone)
- DHEA
- DHEA sulfate
- 5-Androstenediol
- 4-Androstenedione
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Indirect
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- Antigonadotropins (e.g., estrogens, progestogens, prolactin)
- GnRH agonists (e,g, GnRH, leuprorelin)
- GnRH antagonists (e.g., cetrorelix)
- Gonadotropins (e.g., FSH, hCG, LH)
- Kisspeptin
- Plasma proteins (ABP, albumin, SHBG)
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See also: Estrogenics • Glucocorticoids • Mineralocorticoids • Progestogenics
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Estrogenics
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Receptor
(ligands) |
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ER (α, β)
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Agonists
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- 3α-Hydroxytibolone
- 3β-Hydroxytibolone
- 5α-Androstane-3β,17β-diol
- 16α-Hydroxyestrone
- 17α-Estradiol (alfatradiol)
- 17β-Estradiol (estradiol)
- Alestramustine
- Almestrone
- Benzestrol
- Bifluranol
- Broparestrol
- Carbestrol
- Chalconoids (e.g., isoliquiritigenin, phloretin, phlorizin (phloridzin), wedelolactone)
- Chlorotrianisene
- Cloxestradiol
- Coumestans (e.g., coumestrol, psoralidin)
- DHEA
- Deoxymiroestrol
- Dienestrol
- Diethylstilbestrol
- Diethylstilbestrol diphosphate
- Diosgenin
- Doisynoestrol
- DPN
- DY-131 (GSK-9089)
- Epiestriol
- Epimestrol
- ERB-041
- Etamestrol (eptamestrol)
- ERB-041
- Equilenin
- Equilin
- Estetrol
- Estradiol benzoate
- Estradiol butyrylacetate
- Estradiol cypionate
- Estradiol dienanthate
- Estradiol dipropionate
- Estradiol diundecylate
- Estradiol diundecylenate
- Estradiol enanthate
- Estradiol furoate
- Estradiol hemihydrate
- Estradiol hemisuccinate
- Estradiol hexahydrobenzoate
- Estradiol monopropionate
- Estradiol palmitate
- Estradiol pivalate
- Estradiol propoxyphenylpropionate
- Estradiol stearate
- Estradiol succinate
- Estradiol undecylate
- Estradiol valerate
- Estramustine
- Estramustine phosphate
- Estrapronicate
- Estrazinol
- Estriol
- Estriol succinate
- Estriol tripropionate
- Estrofurate
- Estromustine
- Estrone
- Estrone acetate
- Estrone cyanate
- Estrone sulfate
- Estrone tetraacetylglucoside
- Estropipate
- Etamestrol
- Ethinylestradiol
- Ethinylestradiol 3-isopropylsulfonate
- Etynodiol diacetate
- FERb 033
- Fenestrel
- Flavonoids (incl. 7,8-DHF, 8-prenylnaringenin, apigenin, baicalein, baicalin, calycosin, catechin, daidzein, daidzin, ECG, EGCG, epicatechin, equol, formononetin, glabrene, glabridin, genistein, genistin, glycitein, kaempferol, liquiritigenin, mirificin, myricetin, naringenin, pinocembrin, prunetin, puerarin, quercetin, tectoridin, tectorigenin)
- Fosfestrol
- Furostilbestrol
- GSK-4716
- Hexestrol
- Hexestrol diacetate
- Hexestrol dicaprylate
- Hexestrol diphosphate
- Hexestrol dipropionate
- Hydroxyestrone diacetate
- Lignans (e.g., enterodiol, enterolactone)
- Mestranol
- Metalloestrogens (e.g., cadmium)
- Methallenestril
- Methestrol
- Methestrol dipropionate
- Miroestrol
- Moxestrol
- Nilestriol
- Orestrate
- Phytosterols (e.g., β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol)
- Polyestradiol phosphate
- PPT
- Promestriene
- Promethoestrol
- Resorcylic acid lactones (e.g., zearalanone, zearalenol, zearalenone, zeranal (zearalanol))
- Quinestradol
- Quinestrol
- Stilbenoids (e.g., resveratrol)
- Synthetic xenoestrogens (e.g., alkylphenols, bisphenol A (BPA), DDT, parabens, PBBs, phthalates, PCBs)
- (R,R)-THC
- WAY-200070
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Mixed (SERMs)
|
- 2-Hydroxyestrone
- Acolbifene
- Afimoxifene
- Arzoxifene
- Bazedoxifene
- Clomifene
- Clomifenoxide
- Cyclofenil
- Droloxifene
- Enclomifene
- Endoxifen
- Epimestrol
- Femarelle
- Fispemifene
- GW5638
- Idoxifene
- Lasofoxifene
- Levormeloxifene
- Menerba
- Mepitiostane
- Miproxifene
- Nafoxidine
- Nitromifene
- Ormeloxifene
- Ospemifene
- Panomifene
- Pipendoxifene
- Prinaberel
- Raloxifene
- SS1010
- Sivifene
- Tamoxifen
- TAS-108
- Tesmilifene
- Tibolone
- Toremifene
- Trioxifene
- Y-134
- Zindoxifene
- Zuclomifene
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Antagonists
|
- Fulvestrant
- ICI-164384
- MIBE
- MPP
- PHTPP
- RU-58668
- SS1020
- (R,R)-THC
- XCT-790
- ZK-164015
- ZK-191703
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GPER
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Agonists
|
- Afimoxifene
- Estradiol
- Fulvestrant
- G-1
- Genistein
- GPER-L1
- GPER-L2
- Niacin
- Nicotinamide
- PPT
- Quercetin
- Raloxifene
- Tamoxifen
- Tectoridin
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Agonists
|
|
|
|
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| Enzyme |
|
Modulators
|
- 20,22-desmolase, 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase, 3β-HSD, 17β-HSD, 5α-reductase, and aromatase) (see also Steroid hormone metabolism modulators)
|
|
|
| Others |
|
Precursors/prohormones
|
- Cholesterol
- 22R-Hydroxycholesterol
- 20α,22R-Dihydroxycholesterol
- Pregnenolone
- Pregnenolone sulfate
- 17-Hydroxypregnenolone
- Progesterone
- 17-Hydroxyprogesterone
- 11-Deoxycortisol (cortodoxone)
- DHEA
- DHEA sulfate
- 16-Hydroxy-DHEA sulfate
- 5-Androstenediol
- 4-Androstenedione
- 16-Hydroxyandrostenedione
- Testosterone
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|
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Indirect
|
- Antigonadotropins (e.g., estrogens, progestogens, prolactin)
- Calcitriol (vitamin D)
- GnRH agonists (e,g, GnRH, leuprorelin)
- GnRH antagonists (e.g., cetrorelix)
- Gonadotropins (e.g., FSH, hCG, LH)
- Kisspeptin
- Plasma proteins (ABP, albumin, SHBG)
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|
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See also: Androgenics • Glucocorticoids • Mineralocorticoids • Progestogenics
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|
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Progestogenics
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|
Receptor
(ligands) |
|
PR
|
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Agonists
|
|
|
|
Mixed (SPRMs)
|
- Asoprisnil
- Asoprisnil ecamate
- Gestrinone
- J1042
- LG-120,838
- Telapristone; Antagonistic: Mifepristone
- Org-31710
- Org-33628
- Ulipristal acetate
- ZK-137,316
- ZK-230,211
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|
|
Antagonists
|
- 3α-Hydroxytibolone
- 3β-Hydroxytibolone
- Aglepristone
- BAY-1002670
- Lilopristone
- Lonaprisan
- Onapristone
- Toripristone
- Vilaprisan
- ZM-150,271
- ZM-172,406
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|
|
|
| Enzyme |
|
Modulators
|
- 20,22-desmolase, 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase, 3β-HSD, and 21-hydroxylase) (see also Steroid hormone metabolism modulators)
|
|
|
| Others |
|
Precursors/prohormones
|
- Cholesterol
- 22R-Hydroxycholesterol
- 20α,22R-Dihydroxycholesterol
- Pregnenolone
- Pregnenolone sulfate
- 17-Hydroxypregnenolone
|
|
|
Indirect
|
- Antigonadotropins (e.g., estrogens, progestogens, prolactin)
- GnRH agonists (e,g, GnRH, leuprorelin)
- GnRH antagonists (e.g., cetrorelix)
- Gonadotropins (e.g., FSH, hCG, LH)
- Kisspeptin
- Plasma proteins (ABP, albumin, SHBG)
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See also: Androgenics • Estrogenics • Glucocorticoids • Mineralocorticoids
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