WordNet

a unit of geological time during which a system of rocks formed; "ganoid fishes swarmed during the earlier geological periods" (同)geological period
(ice hockey) one of three divisions into which play is divided in hockey games
the end or completion of something; "death put a period to his endeavors"; "a change soon put a period to my tranquility"
the interval taken to complete one cycle of a regularly repeating phenomenon
a punctuation mark (.) placed at the end of a declarative sentence to indicate a full stop or after abbreviations; "in England they call a period a stop" (同)point, full_stop, stop, full point
cultivate by growing, often involving improvements by means of agricultural techniques; "The Bordeaux region produces great red wines"; "They produce good ham in Parma"; "We grow wheat here"; "We raise hogs here" (同)raise, farm, produce
come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes); "He grew a beard"; "The patient developed abdominal pains"; "I got funny spots all over my body"; "Well-developed breasts" (同)develop, produce, get, acquire
become attached by or as if by the process of growth; "The tree trunks had grown together"
become larger, greater, or bigger; expand or gain; "The problem grew too large for me"; "Her business grew fast"
cause to grow or develop; "He grows vegetables in his backyard"
increase in size by natural process; "Corn doesnt grow here"; "In these forests, mushrooms grow under the trees"; "her hair doesnt grow much anymore"
(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level; "he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children" (同)growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis
(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
a progression from simpler to more complex forms; "the growth of culture"
something grown or growing; "a growth of hair"
vegetation that has grown; "a growth of trees"; "the only growth was some salt grass"
(Persian folklore) a supernatural being descended from fallen angels and excluded from paradise until penance is done
a beautiful and graceful girl

PrepTutorEJDIC

(あることが続く)『期間』 / (歴史的な)『時代』 / (試合の)『一区切り』,ピリオド / 授業時間,時限: / (循環して起こる現象などの)周期 / (回転運動などの)周期 / 紀(地質時代の区分の一つ;era(代)の下,epoch(世)の上) / 《おもに米》『ピリオド』,終止符(《英》full stop;Mr.,U.S.など略語の符号(.)も含む) / 《複数形で》《文》掉尾(とうび)文(多くの節から成り,論理的に緊密な構成をもっている文) / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》ある時代[特有]の,時代物の / (文の終わりに感嘆詞的に)以上,終わり・月経（期間）
『成長する』,育つ,〈植物が〉生える,茂る / (類・量・程などにおいて)『増大する』,大きくなる / 『しだいになる』 / …‘を'成長させる,大きくする,育てる / …から生じる(起こる)
〈U〉(…の)『成長』,発育;『発達』,発展《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(数・量,重要性・力などの)『増加』,増大,拡張《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉《修飾語[句]を伴って》栽培,生産,…産 / 〈C〉成育した物,(草,木,髪,ひげなどの)生えたもの / 〈C〉腫瘍(しゅよう)

UpToDate Contents

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1. アスリートにおけるオーバートレーニング症候群 overtraining syndrome in athletes
2. 過渡期における成長ホルモン治療 growth hormone treatment during the transition period
3. 成長ホルモンの生理学 physiology of growth hormone
4. 小児における成長ホルモン欠乏症の治療 treatment of growth hormone deficiency in children
5. 小児における成長ホルモン欠乏症の診断 diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency in children

English Journal

Effects of temperature on microbial succession and metabolite change during saeu-jeot fermentation.

Lee SH, Jung JY, Jeon CO.Author information School of Biological Sciences, Research Center for Biomolecules and Biosystems, Chung-Ang University, 84 HeukSeok-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea.AbstractTo investigate the effects of temperature on saeu-jeot (shrimp) fermentation, four sets of saeu-jeot samples with approximately 25% (w/v) NaCl were fermented at 10 °C, 15 °C, 20 °C, and 25 °C. The pH values of the 10 °C and 15 °C samples were relatively constant during the entire fermentation period, whereas those of the 20 °C and 25 °C samples gradually decreased after 25 days of fermentation. Quantitative PCR showed that the maximum bacterial abundance was greater in higher temperature samples, and the bacterial abundance in the 10 °C samples steadily decreased during the entire fermentation period. Community analysis using pyrosequencing revealed that the initially dominant Proteobacteria including Pseudoalteromonas, Photobacterium, Vibrio, Aliivibrio, and Enterovibrio were replaced rapidly with Firmicutes such as Psychrobacter, Staphylococcus, Salimicrobium, Alkalibacillus, and Halanaerobium as the fermentation progressed. However, Vibrio, Photobacterium, Aliivibrio, and Enterovibrio, which may include potentially pathogenic strains, remained even after 215 days in the 10 °C samples. Metabolite analysis using (1)H NMR showed that amino acid profiles and initial quick increases of glucose and glycerol were similar and independent of bacterial growth in all temperature samples. After 25 days of fermentation, the levels of glucose, glycerol, and trimethylamine N-oxide decreased with the growth of Halanaerobium and the increase of acetate, butyrate, and methylamines in the 20 °C and 25 °C samples although the amino acid concentrations steadily increased until approximately 105 days of fermentation. Statistical triplot analysis showed that the bacterial successions occurred similarly regardless of the fermentation temperature, and Halanaerobium was likely responsible for the production of acetate, butyrate, and methylamines. This study suggests that around 15 °C might be the optimum temperature for the production of safe and tasty saeu-jeot.
Food microbiology.Food Microbiol.2014 Apr;38:16-25. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.08.004. Epub 2013 Aug 22.
To investigate the effects of temperature on saeu-jeot (shrimp) fermentation, four sets of saeu-jeot samples with approximately 25% (w/v) NaCl were fermented at 10 °C, 15 °C, 20 °C, and 25 °C. The pH values of the 10 °C and 15 °C samples were relatively constant during the entire ferment
PMID 24290621

A comprehensive analysis of oxidative stress in the ozone-induced lung inflammation mouse model.

Wiegman CH, Li F, Clarke CJ, Jazrawi E, Kirkham P, Barnes PJ, Adcock IM, Chung KF.Author information *Airways Disease Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, U.K.AbstractOzone is an oxidizing environmental pollutant that contributes significantly to respiratory health. Exposure to increased levels of ozone has been associated with worsening of symptoms of patients with asthma and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). In the present study, we investigated the acute and chronic effects of ozone exposure-induced oxidative stress-related inflammation mechanics in mouse lung. In particular, we investigated the oxidative stress-induced effects on HDAC2 (histone deacetylase 2) modification and activation of the Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2) and HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor-1α) signalling pathways. Male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to ozone (3 p.p.m.) for 3 h a day, twice a week for a period of 1, 3 or 6 weeks. Control mice were exposed to normal air. After the last exposure, mice were killed for BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage) fluid and lung tissue collection. BAL total cell counts were elevated at all of the time points studied. This was associated with increased levels of chemokines and cytokines in all ozone-exposed groups, indicating the presence of a persistent inflammatory environment in the lung. Increased inflammation and Lm (mean linear intercept) scores were observed in chronic exposed mice, indicating emphysematous changes were present in lungs of chronic exposed mice. The antioxidative stress response was active (indicated by increased Nrf2 activity and protein) after 1 week of ozone exposure, but this ability was lost after 3 and 6 weeks of ozone exposure. The transcription factor HIF-1α was elevated in 3- and 6-week ozone-exposed mice and this was associated with increased gene expression levels of several HIF-1α target genes including Hdac2 (histone deacetylase 2), Vegf (vascular endothelial growth factor), Keap1 (kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1) and Mif (macrophage migration inhibitory factor). HDAC2 protein was found to be phosphorylated and carbonylated in nuclear and cytoplasm fractions, respectively, and was associated with a decrease in DNA-binding activity and protein expression of HDAC2. Decreased HDAC2 activity, most likely a direct result of protein modification, in combination with the loss of the antioxidative stress response and activation of the HIF-1α pathway, contribute to the inflammatory response and emphysema observed in ozone-exposed mice.
Clinical science (London, England : 1979).Clin Sci (Lond).2014 Mar 1;126(6):425-40. doi: 10.1042/CS20130039.
Ozone is an oxidizing environmental pollutant that contributes significantly to respiratory health. Exposure to increased levels of ozone has been associated with worsening of symptoms of patients with asthma and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). In the present study, we investigated the
PMID 24040961

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of injectable implants for intratumoral delivery of 5-fluorouracil.

Chen W, Wu Z, Yang H, Guo S, Li D, Cheng L.Author information School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China.AbstractAbstract The aim of this study was to evaluate poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL)-based injectable implants, which could achieve sustained release of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) directly to tumors. The implants were prepared by injection molding and the effects of drug loading and poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) as additive on drug release were investigated. Two implants (PCL/5-FU25% and PCL/PEG5%/5-FU25%) were selected for in vivo evaluation regarding drug distribution in tumor, plasma concentration and antitumor effect. In vitro release test showed that drug release duration varied from 18 to 565 h depending on the compositions of the implant. After intratumoral injection, in vivo release of 5-FU from implants PCL/5-FU25% and PCL/PEG5%/5-FU25% were apparently accelerated. The maximum drug concentrations in tumor were sevenfold and ninefold higher than that attained by intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of 5-FU solution for the implants PCL/5-FU25% and PCL/PEG5%/5-FU25%, respectively. Drug concentration in plasma was always below 0.1 μg/ml over the entire experimental period. Additionally, the two implants exhibited better tumor growth inhibition as shown by the results that their tumor volumes were approximately twofold smaller than those treated by i.p. administration after 7 days. The present study demonstrated that the injectable 5-FU-loaded implants could minimize drug systemic exposure and exert desirable antitumor activity.
Pharmaceutical development and technology.Pharm Dev Technol.2014 Mar;19(2):223-31. doi: 10.3109/10837450.2013.769568. Epub 2013 Feb 25.
Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL)-based injectable implants, which could achieve sustained release of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) directly to tumors. The implants were prepared by injection molding and the effects of drug loading and poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) a
PMID 23432601