granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

顆粒球マクロファージコロニー刺激因子、GM-CSF

WordNet

1. a geographical area politically controlled by a distant country (同)dependency
2. a body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their homeland; inhabitants remain nationals of their home state but are not literally under the home states system of government; "the American colony in Paris" (同)settlement
3. (microbiology) a group of organisms grown from a single parent cell
4. a group of organisms of the same type living or growing together
5. a place where a group of people with the same interest or occupation are concentrated; "a nudist colony"; "an artists colony"
6. be a contributing factor; "make things factor into a companys profitability"
7. any of the numbers (or symbols) that form a product when multiplied together
8. an independent variable in statistics
9. anything that contributes causally to a result; "a number of factors determined the outcome"
10. consider as relevant when making a decision; "You must factor in the recent developments" (同)factor in, factor out
11. resolve into factors; "a quantum computer can factor the number 15" (同)factor in, factor out
12. an event known to have happened or something known to have existed; "your fears have no basis in fact"; "how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell"
13. a concept whose truth can be proved; "scientific hypotheses are not facts"
14. a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred; "first you must collect all the facts of the case"
15. a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened; "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts"
16. the basic unit of money in Costa Rica; equal to 100 centimos (同)Costa Rican colon
17. the basic unit of money in El Salvador; equal to 100 centavos (同)El Salvadoran colon
18. a punctuation mark (:) used after a word introducing a series or an example or an explanation (or after the salutation of a business letter)
19. the part of the large intestine between the cecum and the rectum; it extracts moisture from food residues before they are excreted
20. rousing or quickening activity or the senses; "a stimulating discussion"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 『植民地』 / 植民団,居留民;(外国人の)集団居留地 / (同ど人種・宗教・職業などの人たちが住む)『集団』,部落 / (動物・鳥・虫などの)集団;(生物の)群体,群落《+『of』+『名』》 / 《the Colonies》アメリカ合衆国を形成した13州のイギリス植民地
2. (…の)『要因』,(…を生み出す)要素《+『in』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 囲数,約数 / 代理人,《おもに英》仲買人 / =factorize
3. 〈C〉『事実』,実際にある(あった)事 / 〈U〉真相,真実(truth) / 《the~》(法律用語で)犯行
4. コロン(:)(句読点の一種で,文中においてセミコロン以上を分離を示すほか,対照,例証,引用文などを示すのに用いる)
5. (大腸の)結腸[部]
6. 刺激する;激励する,元気づける

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/22 20:57:55」(JST)

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Not to be confused with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.

Colony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte-macrophage)
PDB rendering based on 2gmf
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB List of PDB id codes 1CSG, 2GMF, 3CXE
Identifiers
Symbols	CSF2 ; GMCSF
External IDs	OMIM: 138960 MGI: 1339752 HomoloGene: 600 GeneCards: CSF2 Gene
Gene ontology Molecular function • cytokine activity • granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor binding • protein binding • growth factor activity Cellular component • extracellular region • extracellular space Biological process • embryonic placenta development • immune response • positive regulation of cell proliferation • positive regulation of gene expression • positive regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation • positive regulation of interleukin-23 production • epithelial fluid transport • macrophage activation • positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat5 protein • myeloid dendritic cell differentiation • positive regulation of DNA replication • negative regulation of cytolysis • cellular response to lipopolysaccharide • positive regulation of podosome assembly • dendritic cell differentiation • negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	1437	12981
Ensembl	ENSG00000164400	ENSMUSG00000018916
UniProt	P04141	P01587
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_000758	NM_009969
RefSeq (protein)	NP_000749	NP_034099
Location (UCSC)	Chr 5: 132.07 – 132.08 Mb	Chr 11: 54.25 – 54.25 Mb
PubMed search	[1]	[2]

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
three-dimensional structure of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
Identifiers
Symbol	GM_CSF
Pfam	PF01109
Pfam clan	CL0053
InterPro	IPR000773
PROSITE	PDOC00584
SCOP	2gmf
SUPERFAMILY	2gmf
Available protein structures: Pfam structures PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj PDBsum structure summary

Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor

Systematic (IUPAC) name
Human granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor
Identifiers
CAS Registry Number	83869-56-1 Y
ATC code	L03AA09
DrugBank	DB00020 N
Chemical data
Formula	C639H1006N168O196S8
Molecular mass	14434.5 g/mol
N (what is this?)  (verify)

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), also known as colony stimulating factor 2 (CSF2), is a monomeric glycoprotein secreted by macrophages, T cells, mast cells, NK cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts that functions as a cytokine. The pharmaceutical analogs of naturally occurring GM-CSF are called sargramostim and molgramostim.

Function

GM-CSF is a monomeric glycoprotein that functions as a cytokine - it is a white blood cell growth factor. GM-CSF stimulates stem cells to produce granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) and monocytes. Monocytes exit the circulation and migrate into tissue, whereupon they mature into macrophages and dendritic cells. Thus, it is part of the immune/inflammatory cascade, by which activation of a small number of macrophages can rapidly lead to an increase in their numbers, a process crucial for fighting infection. GM-CSF signals via signal transducer and activator of transcription, STAT5.

GM-CSF signals via signal transducer and activator of transcription, STAT5. In macrophages, it has also been shown to signal via STAT3. The cytokine activates macrophages to inhibit fungal survival. It induces deprivation in intracellular free zinc and increases production of reactive oxygen species that culminate in fungal zinc starvation and toxicity. Thus, GM-CSF facilitates development of the immune system and promotes defense against infections.

GM-CSF also plays a role in embryonic development by functioning as an embryokine produced by reproductive tract.

Genetics

The human gene has been localized to a cluster of related genes at chromosome region 5q31, which is known to be associated with interstitial deletions in the 5q- syndrome and acute myelogenous leukemia. Genes in the cluster include those encoding interleukins 4, 5, and 13.

Glycosylation

Human granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor is glycosylated in its mature form.

Medical use

GM-CSF is manufactured using recombinant DNA technology and is marketed as a protein therapeutic called molgramostim or, when the protein is expressed in yeast cells, sargramostim. It is used as a medication to stimulate the production of white blood cells and thus prevent neutropenia following chemotherapy.

GM-CSF has also recently been evaluated in clinical trials for its potential as a vaccine adjuvant in HIV-infected patients. The preliminary results have been promising but GM-CSF is not presently FDA-approved for this purpose.

Sargramostim

Sargramostim, recombinant yeast-derived GM-CSF developed at Immunex (now Amgen) and first given to six humans in 1987 as part of a compassionate-use protocol for the victims of cesium irradiation from the Goiânia accident. It was originally developed by Immunex. When Amgen bought Immunex, sargramostim was divested to Berlex, a US subsidiary of Schering AG. Berlex was acquired by Bayer in 2006, and Bayer sold the franchise to Genzyme in 2009, which was subsequently acquired by Sanofi. Its use was approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration for acceleration of white blood cell recovery following autologous bone marrow transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, acute lymphocytic leukemia, or Hodgkin's disease in March 1991. In November 1996, the FDA also approved sargramostim for treatment of fungal infections and replenishment of white blood cells following chemotherapy.

Rheumatoid arthritis

GM-CSF is found in high levels in joints with rheumatoid arthritis and blocking GM-CSF may reduce the inflammation or damage. Some drugs (e.g. MOR103) are being developed to block GM-CSF.

See also

• CFU-GM
• Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor

References

External links

• Official gentaur web site
• Official Leukine web site
• Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 骨髄造血の制御 regulation of myelopoiesis
• 2. 化学療法による好中球減少症を有する成人患者と、急性白血病、骨髄異形成症候群、造血細胞移植以外の病態を有する成人患者における顆粒球コロニー刺激因子の利用 use of granulocyte colony stimulating factors in adult patients with chemotherapy induced neutropenia and conditions other than acute leukemia myelodysplastic syndrome and hematopoietic cell transplantation
• 3. 組換え造血成長因子の概要 introduction to recombinant hematopoietic growth factors
• 4. 小児における肺胞蛋白症 pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in children
• 5. 成人における肺胞蛋白症の診断および治療 diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in adults

English Journal

• Gene expression profiles of some cytokines, growth factors, receptors, and enzymes (GM-CSF, IFNγ, MMP-2, IGF-II, EGF, TGF-β, IGF-IIR) during pregnancy in the cat uterus.

• Agaoglu OK1, Agaoglu AR2, Guzeloglu A3, Aslan S4, Kurar E3, Kayis SA5, Schäfer-Somi S6.
• Theriogenology.Theriogenology.2016 Mar 1;85(4):638-44. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.10.001. Epub 2015 Oct 23.
• Early pregnancy is one of the most critical periods of pregnancy, and many factors such as cytokines, enzymes, and members of the immune system have to cooperate in a balanced way. In the present study, the gene expression profiles of factors associated with pregnancy such as EGF, transforming growt
• PMID 26559469

• Using Quantitative Seroproteomics to Identify Antibody Biomarkers in Pancreatic Cancer.

• Jhaveri DT1, Kim MS2, Thompson ED3, Huang L4, Sharma R5, Klein AP6, Zheng L4, Le DT4, Laheru DA4, Pandey A2, Jaffee EM4, Anders RA7.
• Cancer immunology research.Cancer Immunol Res.2016 Feb 3. pii: canimm.0200.2015. [Epub ahead of print]
• Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths in the US. Less than 6% of patients survive beyond the fifth year due to inadequate early diagnostics and ineffective treatment options. Our lab has developed an allogeneic, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) secre
• PMID 26842750

• Combining Growth Factor and Bone Marrow Cell Therapy Induces Bleeding and Alters Immune Response After Stroke in Mice.

• Strecker JK1, Olk J2, Hoppen M2, Gess B2, Diederich K2, Schmidt A2, Schäbitz WR2, Schilling M2, Minnerup J2.
• Stroke; a journal of cerebral circulation.Stroke.2016 Feb 2. pii: STROKEAHA.115.011230. [Epub ahead of print]
• BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Bone marrow cell (BMC)-based therapies, either the transplantation of exogenous cells or stimulation of endogenous cells by growth factors like the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), are considered a promising means of treating stroke. In contrast to large preclin
• PMID 26839353

Japanese Journal

• Pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma producing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor : report of a case

• FUKUTOMI Toshinori,KOHNO Mitsutomo,IZUMI Yotaro,WATANABE Masazumi,HAYASHI Yuichiro,NOMORI Hiroaki
• Surgery today : the Japanese journal of surgery 42(3), 288-291, 2012-03-01
• NAID 10030231320

• Mitigation of Ionizing Radiation-induced Bone Marrow Suppression by p38 Inhibition and G-CSF Administration

• LI Deguan,WANG Yueying,WU Hongying,LU Lu,ZHANG Heng,CHANG Jianhui,ZHAI Zhibin,ZHANG Junling,WANG Yong,ZHOU Daohong,MENG Aimin
• Journal of radiation research 52(6), 712-716, 2011-11-16
• … Therefore, in the present study we investigated whether inhibition of p38 activity alone with SB203580 (SB, a specific p38 inhibitor) or in combination with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) can mitigate total body irradiation (TBI)-induced BM damage and lethality. …
• NAID 10029652836

Related Links

• 顆粒球・マクロファージコロニー刺激因子（Granulocyte ...

顆粒球・マクロファージコロニー刺激因子 （Granulocyte/Macrophage-Colony Stimulating Factor：GM-CSF） 血液細胞はいずれも自己再生能を有する多能性幹細胞を起源とし、より分化能を限定された幹細胞、さらに各系統の前駆細胞を経て ...

• granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor - definition ...

hematopoietic growth f's a group of substances with the ability to support hematopoietic colony formation in vitro, including erythropoietin, interleukin-3, and colony-stimulating factors. All except erythropoietin stimulate mature cells ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「GM-CSF」「顆粒球マクロファージコロニー刺激因子」
拡張検索	「granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor」
関連記事	「fact」「factor」「stimulating」「colony」「colon」

「GM-CSF」

　　[★] 顆粒球マクロファージコロニー刺激因子 granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

「顆粒球マクロファージコロニー刺激因子」

　　[★]

英

granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, GM-CSF

「granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor」

　　[★]

• 顆粒球マクロファージコロニー刺激因子受容体、顆粒球マクロファージコロニー刺激因子レセプター

関

GM-CSF receptor

「fact」

　　[★]

• n.

• 事実、現状、実際、実態

関

actual、actually、in fact、in practice、indeed、practically

　 　 　 　 　

「factor」

　　[★]

• n.

• 因子、要因、要素、ファクター

関

element、elementary、factorial、parameter

　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「stimulating」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 刺激的な

関

exciting、irritant

　 　

「colony」

　　[★]

• n.

• (細菌の)コロニー

　 　 　 　 　 　

「colon」

　　[★] 結腸