WordNet

syphilis of the central nervous system
somewhat indefinite; "bearing a general resemblance to the original"; "a general description of the merchandise"
a general officer of the highest rank (同)full general
the head of a religious order or congregation (同)superior general
a fact about the whole (as opposed to particular); "he discussed the general but neglected the particular"
affecting the entire body; "a general anesthetic"; "general symptoms"
applying to all or most members of a category or group; "the general public"; "general assistance"; "a general rule"; "in general terms"; "comprehensible to the general reader"
command as a general; "We are generaled by an incompetent!"
not specialized or limited to one class of things; "general studies"; "general knowledge"
prevailing among and common to the general public; "the general discontent"
loss of the ability to move a body part (同)palsy

PrepTutorEJDIC

(あるグループ)『全部の』,全部を含む / 『世間一般の』,広く行き渡った / 『一般の』,専門的でない / 『大体の』,概略の / 『陸軍大将』;(陸軍の)『将軍』,将官 / 概して,一般に
(体の)麻痺(まひ),中風 / (…の)停滞《+『of』+『名』》
genusの複数形

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/07/28 18:14:57」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

Paralysis is loss of muscle function for one or more muscles. Paralysis can be accompanied by a loss of feeling (sensory loss) in the affected area if there is sensory damage as well as motor. About 1 in 50 people have been diagnosed with some form of paralysis, transient or permanent.^[1] The word comes from the Greek παράλυσις, "disabling of the nerves",^[2] itself from παρά (para), "beside, by"^[3] and λύσις (lysis), "loosing"^[4] and that from λύω (luō), "to loose".^[5]

Causes

Paralysis is most often caused by damage in the nervous system, especially the spinal cord. Other major causes are stroke, trauma with nerve injury, poliomyelitis, cerebral palsy, peripheral neuropathy, Parkinson's disease, ALS, botulism, spina bifida, multiple sclerosis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Temporary paralysis occurs during REM sleep, and dysregulation of this system can lead to episodes of waking paralysis. Drugs that interfere with nerve function, such as curare, can also cause paralysis. There are many known causes for paralysis, and perhaps more yet to be discovered.

Pseudoparalysis (pseudo- meaning "false, not genuine", from Greek ψεῦδος^[6]) is voluntary restriction or inhibition of motion because of pain, incoordination, orgasm, or other cause, and is not due to actual muscular paralysis.^[7] In an infant, it may be a symptom of congenital syphilis.^[8]

Variations

Paralysis can occur in localised or generalised forms, or it may follow a certain pattern. Most paralyses caused by nervous-system damage (i.e. spinal-cord injuries) are constant in nature; however, some forms of periodic paralysis, including sleep paralysis, are caused by other factors.

Ascending paralysis presents in the lower limbs before the upper limbs. It can be associated with:

Guillain–Barré syndrome (another name for this condition is Landry's ascending paralysis)
Tick paralysis^[9]

Ascending paralysis contrasts with descending paralysis, which occurs in conditions such as botulism.

Other animals

Many animal species use paralysing toxins to capture prey, evade predation, or both. It was shown that in stimulated muscles the decrease in frequency of the miniature potentials runs parallel to the decrease in postsynaptic potential as well as to the decrease in muscle contraction. This clearly indicates that Microbracon venom causes paralysis of the neuromuscular system by acting at a presynaptic site. Philanthus venom inhibits the fast as well as the slow neuromuscular system at identical concentrations. It causes a decrease in the frequency of the miniature potentials without affecting their amplitude significantly

Invertebrates

Some species of wasp, to complete the reproductive cycle, the female wasp paralyses a prey item such as a grasshopper and places it in her nest. She then lays eggs in the paralysed insect, which is devoured by the larvae when they hatch.

Vertebrates

A well-known example is the tetrodotoxin of fish species such as Takifugu rubripes, the famously lethal pufferfish of Japanese fugu. This toxin works by binding to sodium channels in nerve cells, preventing the cells' proper function. A non-lethal dose of this toxin results in temporary paralysis. This toxin is also present in many other species ranging from toads to nemerteans.

Paralysis can be seen in breeds of dogs that are chondrodysplastic. These dogs have short legs, and may also have short muzzles. Their intervertebral disc material can calcify and become more brittle. In such cases, the disc may rupture, with disc material ending up in the spinal canal, or rupturing more laterally to press on spinal nerves. A minor rupture may only result in paresis, but a major rupture can cause enough damage to cut off circulation. If no signs of pain can be elicited, surgery should be performed within 24 hours of the incident, to remove the disc material and relieve pressure on the spinal cord. After 24 hours, the chance of recovery declines rapidly, since with continued pressure, the spinal cord tissue deteriorates and dies.

Another type of paralysis is caused by a fibrocartilaginous embolism. This is a microscopic piece of disc material that breaks off and becomes lodged in a spinal artery. Nerves served by the artery will die when deprived of blood.

The German Shepherd Dog is especially prone to developing degenerative myelopathy. This is a deterioration of nerves in the spinal cord, starting in the posterior part of the cord. Dogs so affected will become gradually weaker in the hind legs as nerves die off. Eventually their hind legs become useless. They often also exhibit faecal and urinary incontinence. As the disease progresses, the paresis and paralysis gradually move forward. This disease also affects other large breeds of dogs. It is suspected to be an autoimmune problem.

Cats with a heart murmur may develop blood clots that travel through arteries. If a clot is large enough to block one or both femoral arteries, there may be hind leg paralysis because the major source of blood flow to the hind leg is blocked.

Many snakes exhibit powerful neurotoxins that can cause non-permanent paralysis or death.

References

^ "Paralysis Facts & Figures - Spinal Cord Injury - Paralysis Research Center". Christopherreeve.org. Retrieved 2013-02-19.
^ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). "παράλυσις". A Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Press. on Perseus
^ Liddell & Scott 1940, παρά
^ Liddell & Scott 1940, λύσις
^ Liddell & Scott 1940, λύω
^ Liddell & Scott 1940, ψεῦδος
^ TheFreeDictionary > pseudoparalysis, in turn citing The American Heritage Medical Dictionary 2007, 2004
^ Workowski KA, Berman SM (August 2006). "Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2006". MMWR Recomm Rep 55 (RR–11): 1–94. PMID 16888612. "... evidence of congenital syphilis (e.g., nonimmune hydrops, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, rhinitis, skin rash, and/or pseudoparalysis of an extremity)."
^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Tick paralysis

UpToDate Contents

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1. 甲状腺中毒性周期性四肢麻痺 thyrotoxic periodic paralysis
2. 高カリウム性周期性四肢麻痺 hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
3. 新生児における横隔膜麻痺 diaphragmatic paralysis in the newborn
4. 横隔膜麻痺の治療 treatment of diaphragmatic paralysis
5. 両側性横隔膜麻痺の原因および診断 causes and diagnosis of bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis

English Journal

Syphilis treatment in the presence of HIV: the debate goes on.

Lawrence D1, Cresswell F, Whetham J, Fisher M.
Current opinion in infectious diseases.Curr Opin Infect Dis.2015 Feb;28(1):44-52. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000132.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Benzathine Penicillin G has been used to treat syphilis for over 50 years; however, the precise regimen of penicillin for treatment of syphilis in HIV-positive individuals remains a hot topic of debate. Although international guidelines recommend the same treatment for syphilis, r
PMID 25539410

Motoneuron development influences dorsal root ganglia survival and Schwann cell development in a vertebrate model of spinal muscular atrophy.

Hao le T1, Duy PQ1, Jontes JD1, Beattie CE2.
Human molecular genetics.Hum Mol Genet.2015 Jan 15;24(2):346-60. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddu447. Epub 2014 Sep 1.
Low levels of the survival motor neuron protein (SMN) cause the disease spinal muscular atrophy. A primary characteristic of this disease is motoneuron dysfunction and paralysis. Understanding why motoneurons are affected by low levels of SMN will lend insight into this disease and to motoneuron bio
PMID 25180019

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy associated with neurosyphilis.

Kararizou E1, Anagnostou E, Kapaki E, Davaki P.
The American journal of the medical sciences.Am J Med Sci.2015 Jan;349(1):90-1. doi: 10.1097/MAJ.0000000000000369.
PMID 25470500

Japanese Journal

Simultaneous percutaneous coronary intervention and carotid artery stenting for severe coronary and symptomatic carotid artery disease: a report of two cases

牧野仁人,三角和雄,橋本亨,有働晃博,保科瑞穂,三崎敦史,川崎智広,中村龍太,高瀬哲郎,海老原敏郎,谷口優,清水しほ,登根健太郎,廣瀬信,吉原弘高,板倉靖昌,飯塚大介,横田光俊,新田正光,廣野喜之,吉田俊彦,廣江道昭,倉持雄彦
Journal of the Japanese Coronary Association, 2013
… Case 1 was a 78-year-old male suffering from frequent occurrence of intermittent paralysis of the right upper and lower extremities. …
NAID 130002585937

頭部打撲を契機に発症した混合性喉頭麻痺の1例

小泉めぐみ,北原伸郎,鈴木康司
音声言語医学 53(3), 208-211, 2012-07-20
混合性喉頭麻痺は，喉頭麻痺に他の脳神経麻痺を合併したものと定義されている．今回われわれは，頭部打撲を契機に混合性喉頭麻痺を発症したが明らかな頭蓋底骨折等を認めず，原因特定に難渋した1例を経験したので報告する．症例は72歳女性である．転倒し，顔面を打撲した直後から嗄声，嚥下困難，鼻咽腔逆流が出現した．両眼瞼周囲に擦過傷と皮下出血斑があり，左軟口蓋麻痺，左咽頭の知覚低下，左喉頭麻痺を認めた．画像検査， …
NAID 10030784927

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リンク元	「進行麻痺」「CNS syphilis」「general paresis」「全身麻痺」「asymptomatic neurosyphilis」
関連記事	「general」「genera」