genus

日

属

関

order, family, subfamily, genus, species

　 　 　

WordNet

1. (biology) taxonomic group containing one or more species
2. a general kind of something; "ignore the genus communism"
3. make a request for something; "Order me some flowers"; "order a work stoppage"
4. bring order to or into; "Order these files"
5. established customary state (especially of society); "order ruled in the streets"; "law and order"
6. place in a certain order; "order the photos chronologically"
7. a degree in a continuum of size or quantity; "it was on the order of a mile"; "an explosion of a low order of magnitude" (同)order_of_magnitude
8. the act of putting things in a sequential arrangement; "there were mistakes in the ordering of items on the list" (同)ordering
9. (architecture) one of original three styles of Greek architecture distinguished by the type of column and entablature used or a style developed from the original three by the Romans
10. a group of person living under a religious rule; "the order of Saint Benedict" (同)monastic order
11. a commercial document used to request someone to supply something in return for payment and providing specifications and quantities; "IBM received an order for a hundred computers" (同)purchase order
12. a body of rules followed by an assembly (同)rules of order, parliamentary law, parliamentary procedure
13. (biology) taxonomic group containing one or more families
14. (often plural) a command given by a superior (e.g., a military or law enforcement officer) that must be obeyed; "the British ships dropped anchor and waited for orders from London"
15. a request for something to be made, supplied, or served; "I gave the waiter my order"; "the companys products were in such demand that they got more orders than their call center could handle"
16. issue commands or orders for (同)prescribe, dictate
17. give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority; "I said to him to go home"; "She ordered him to do the shopping"; "The mother told the child to get dressed" (同)tell, enjoin, say
18. people descended from a common ancestor; "his family has lived in Massachusetts since the Mayflower" (同)family line, folk, kinfolk, kinsfolk, sept, phratry
19. primary social group; parents and children; "he wanted to have a good job before starting a family" (同)family unit
20. an association of people who share common beliefs or activities; "the message was addressed not just to employees but to every member of the company family"; "the church welcomed new members into its fellowship" (同)fellowship
21. a social unit living together; "he moved his family to Virginia"; "It was a good Christian household"; "I waited until the whole house was asleep"; "the teacher asked how many people made up his home" (同)household, house, home, menage
22. (biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera; "sharks belong to the fish family"
23. (biology) taxonomic group whose members can interbreed
24. a specific kind of something; "a species of molecule"; "a species of villainy"
25. (biology) a taxonomic category below a family
26. relating to or common to or descriptive of all members of a genus; "the generic name"
27. any product that can be sold without a brand name
28. a wine that is a blend of several varieties of grapes with no one grape predominating; a wine that does not carry the name of any specific grape (同)generic wine
29. (of drugs) not protected by trademark; "`Acetaminophen is the generic form of the proprietary drug `Tylenol"
30. applicable to an entire class or group; "is there a generic Asian mind?"
31. genus of small to medium-sized usually rock-inhabiting ferns of temperate and cold regions; in some classification systems placed in Polypodiaceae
32. epiphytic orchids of tropical Asia having stiff leaves and fragrant white flowers in arching racemes
33. sometimes considered a subgenus of genus Bos: American buffalo
34. type genus of the Rhinocerotidae
35. a genus of Nothosauria
36. informal term for information; "give me the gen on your new line of computers"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (生物分類上の)属(family(科)の下でspecies(種)の上) / (一般に)種類
2. 〈C〉《しばしば複数形で》『命令』,指図,指令 / 〈U〉(物事の)『順序』,順番 / 〈U〉(自然界の)『秣序』 / 〈U〉(社会の)治安,秣序 / 〈U〉整頓(せいとん)された状態,きちんとしていること《good,badなどを伴って》(一般に物事の)調子, 状態 / 〈U〉(商品などの)『注文』《+『for』+『名』》 / 〈C〉調文品 / 〈C〉(レストランなどでの料理の)一盛り / 〈C〉種類,等級,品資(kind, sort) / 〈C〉(動植物分類の)目(もく) / 〈C〉聖職者の階級;《複数形で》聖職 / 〈C〉《しばしばO-》教団,教派;(ある特殊な)社会 / 〈C〉《しばしばO-》勲位,勲章 / 〈C〉(古代ギリシャの)建築様式,柱式 / …‘を'『命令する』,指図する;〈人〉‘に'命令する / 《方向を表す副詞[句]を伴って》〈人〉‘に'行くように命じる / 〈商品など〉‘を'『注文する』;…‘を'あつらえる / …‘を'整頓(せいとん)する,きちんとする / 命令する;注文する
3. 《集合的に》『家族』,家庭 / 〈U〉《時にa family》(一家の)子供たち / 〈C〉(血縁に関係ある)『親族』,身内,一族,一門 / 〈U〉『家柄』;(特に)名門 / 〈C〉(関係ある人・物の)一団,一群,(生物分類の)科《+『of』+『名』》
4. 〈C〉(生物分類上の)『種』(しゅ),種族(「属」(genus)の下の単位) / 〈C〉(…の)種類《+『of』+『名』》 / 《the ~》人類(mankind)
5. (生物分類上の)属(genus)の / ある種類(群)全体にあてはまる / (商品が)特定銘柄品でない / (文法で)総称的な
6. genusの複数形

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/01/01 20:59:38」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

"Genera" redirects here. For the operating system, see Genera (operating system). For other uses, see Genus (disambiguation).

In biology, a genus /ˈdʒiːnəs/ (plural: genera) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus.

e.g., Pongo pygmaeus and Pongo abelii are two species within the genus Pongo. Pongo is a genus within the family Hominidae.

The composition of a genus is determined by a taxonomist. The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful:

1. monophyly – all descendants of an ancestral taxon are grouped together;
2. reasonable compactness – a genus should not be expanded needlessly; and
3. distinctness – with respect to evolutionarily relevant criteria, i.e. ecology, morphology, or biogeography; note that DNA sequences are a consequence rather than a condition of diverging evolutionary lineages except in cases where they directly inhibit gene flow (e.g. postzygotic barriers).

The term comes from the Latin genus meaning "descent, family, type, gender", cognate with Ancient Greek: γένος – genos, "race, stock, kin".

The hierarchy of biological classification's eight major taxonomic ranks. A family contains one or more genera. Intermediate minor rankings are not shown.

Historic

Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708), a French botanist, is considered "the founder of the modern concept of genera".

Generic name

The scientific name of a genus may be called the generic name or generic epithet: it is always capitalized. It plays a pivotal role in binomial nomenclature, the system of naming organisms.

Binomial nomenclature

Main article: Binomial nomenclature

The rules for scientific names are laid down in the Nomenclature Codes; depending on the kind of organism and the Kingdom it belongs to, a different Code may apply, with different rules, laid down in a different terminology. The advantages of scientific over common names are that they are accepted by speakers of all languages, and that each species has only one name. This reduces the confusion that may arise from the use of a common name to designate different things in different places (example elk), or from the existence of several common names for a single species.

It is possible for a genus to be assigned to a kingdom governed by one particular Nomenclature Code by one taxonomist, while other taxonomists assign it to a kingdom governed by a different Code, but this is the exception, not the rule.

Pivotal in binomial nomenclature

The generic name is a component of the names of taxa of lower rank. For example, Canis lupus is the binomial name of the Gray wolf, a species, with Canis the generic name for the dog and its close relatives, and with lupus particular (specific) for the wolf (lupus is written in lower case).

The generic name also forms part of the names of taxa within species, the infraspecific names used in botany, and the subspecies names used in zoology. For example:

• a third name is sometimes added (in zoology) to indicate a sub-species, Canis lupus is a gray wolf, but Canis lupus familiaris is the scientific name for the domestic dog which remains closely related enough to be considered part of the same species which has enough differences from other members of the species to justify the use of a subspecies name.
• Hibiscus brackenridgei subsp. mokuleianus is a subspecies of Hibiscus brackenridgei, a species in the genus Hibiscus.
• Crataegus azarolus var. aronia is a variety within the plant species Crataegus azarolus.

Taxonomic units in higher ranks frequently have a name that is based on a generic name, such as the family name Canidae, which is based on Canis. However, not all names in higher ranks are necessarily based on the name of a genus: for example, Carnivora is the name for the order to which the dog belongs.

Identical names used for different genera

A genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name (or the name of a taxon in another rank) in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code. Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called homonyms. Although this is discouraged by both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, there are some five thousand such names in use in more than one kingdom. For instance, Anura is the name of the order of frogs but also is the name of a genus of plants (although not current: it is a synonym); Aotus is the genus of golden peas and night monkeys; Oenanthe is the genus of wheatears and water dropworts, Prunella is the genus of accentors and self-heal, and Proboscidea is the order of elephants and the genus of devil's claws.

Within the same kingdom one generic name can apply to only one genus. This explains why the platypus genus is named Ornithorhynchus—George Shaw named it Platypus in 1799, but the name Platypus had already been given to a group of ambrosia beetles by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793. Since beetles and platypuses are both members of the kingdom Animalia, the name Platypus could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800.

Types and genera

Because of the rules of scientific naming, or "binomial nomenclature", each genus should have a designated type, although in practice there is a backlog of older names that may not yet have a type. In zoology this is the type species; the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species. Should this specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus, the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym, and the remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reassessed.

See scientific classification and nomenclature codes for more details of this system. Also see type genus.

Nomenclature

...difficulties occurring in generic nomenclature: similar cases abound, and become complicated by the different views taken of the matter by the various taxonomists.

Prof. C. S. Rafinesque. 1836

None of the nomenclature codes require such criteria for defining a genus, because these are concerned with the nomenclature rules, not with taxonomy. These regulate formal nomenclature, aiming for universal and stable scientific names.

See also

• List of the largest genera of flowering plants
• Genus–differentia definition

References

External links

• Nomenclator Zoologicus: Index of all genus and subgenus names in zoological nomenclature from 1758 to 2004.
• Fauna Europaea Database for Taxonomy

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• genusの意味 - 英和辞書 - goo辞書

genusとは。意味や和訳。[名]（複gen・e・ra 〔denr〕, 〜・es）1 種類, 部類；《生物》（分類上の）属.2 《論理学》類（概念）. - goo辞書は国語、英和、和英、中国語、百科事典等からまとめて探せる辞書検索サービスです。

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「generic」「genera」
拡張検索	「genus name」

「generic」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 一般的な、ジェネリックの、(分類)属の

関

genera、general、generally、generically、genus、popular、prevailing、universal

　 　 　 　 　 　

「genera」

　　[★]

• np.

• 属

関

generic、genus

　

「genus name」

　　[★]

• 属名

関

generic name