WordNet

do forcibly; exert force; "Dont force it!"
(physics) the influence that produces a change in a physical quantity; "force equals mass times acceleration"
physical energy or intensity; "he hit with all the force he could muster"; "it was destroyed by the strength of the gale"; "a government has not the vitality and forcefulness of a living man" (同)forcefulness, strength
group of people willing to obey orders; "a public force is necessary to give security to the rights of citizens" (同)personnel
a group of people having the power of effective action; "he joined forces with a band of adventurers"
a powerful effect or influence; "the force of his eloquence easily persuaded them"
force into or from an action or state, either physically or metaphorically; "She rammed her mind into focus"; "He drives me mad" (同)drive, ram
impose urgently, importunately, or inexorably; "She forced her diet fads on him" (同)thrust
produced by or subjected to forcing; "forced-air heating"; "furnaces of the forced-convection type"; "forced convection in plasma generators"
forced or compelled; "promised to abolish forced labor"
made necessary by an unexpected situation or emergency; "a forced landing"
the metabolic processes whereby certain organisms obtain energy from organic molecules; processes that take place in the cells and tissues during which energy is released and carbon dioxide is produced and absorbed by the blood to be transported to the lungs (同)internal_respiration, cellular_respiration
a single complete act of breathing in and out; "thirty respirations per minute"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉(物理的な)『力』,勢い;体力 / 〈U〉『暴力』,腕ずく / 〈C〉《集合的に》(共通の目的・活動のための)集団,隊 / 〈C〉《しばしば複数形で》『軍隊』,部隊 / 〈C〉(社会的)勢力;有力な人物 / 〈U〉(精神あるいは知性の)力 / 〈U〉『影響力』,効果 / 〈U〉(言葉の)意味,真意 / 〈人〉‘に'『強いる』,無理を言う / (…から)…‘を'力ずくで手に入れる《+『名』+『from』(『out of』)+『名』》 / …‘を'むりに押し出す / (容器などに)…‘を'むりに押し込む《+『名』+『into』+『名』》 / (人に)…‘を'『押しつける』《+『名』+『on』(『upon』)+『名』〈人〉》 / 〈植物〉‘を'促成栽培する
強いられた,強制的な / 強いて作った,不自然な
〈U〉呼吸すること(breathing)〈C〉一呼吸,一息 / 〈U〉(生物の)呼吸作用

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1. 機械的人工換気の概要 overview of mechanical ventilation
2. 機械的人工換気のモード modes of mechanical ventilation
3. 非侵襲的陽圧換気に伴う問題のトラブルシューティング troubleshooting problems with noninvasive positive pressure ventilation
4. 神経筋疾患および胸壁疾患における夜間の非侵襲的換気の臨床的側面 practical aspects of nocturnal noninvasive ventilation in neuromuscular and chest wall disease
5. 機械的人工換気からの離脱（ウィーニング）：準備テスト weaning from mechanical ventilation readiness testing

English Journal

The Warburg effect in tumor progression: Mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as an anti-metastasis mechanism.

Lu J1, Tan M2, Cai Q3.Author information 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610. Electronic address: jrlu@ufl.edu.2Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604.3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610.AbstractCompared to normal cells, cancer cells strongly upregulate glucose uptake and glycolysis to give rise to increased yield of intermediate glycolytic metabolites and the end product pyruvate. Moreover, glycolysis is uncoupled from the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in cancer cells. Consequently, the majority of glycolysis-derived pyruvate is diverted to lactate fermentation and kept away from mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. This metabolic phenotype is known as the Warburg effect. While it has become widely accepted that the glycolytic intermediates provide essential anabolic support for cell proliferation and tumor growth, it remains largely elusive whether and how the Warburg metabolic phenotype may play a role in tumor progression. We hereby review the cause and consequence of the restrained oxidative metabolism, in particular in tumor metastasis. Cells change or lose their extracellular matrix during the metastatic process. Inadequate/inappropriate matrix attachment generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and causes a specific type of cell death, termed anoikis, in normal cells. Although anoikis is a barrier to metastasis, cancer cells have often acquired elevated threshold for anoikis and hence heightened metastatic potential. As ROS are inherent byproducts of oxidative metabolism, forced stimulation of glucose oxidation in cancer cells raises oxidative stress and restores cells' sensitivity to anoikis. Therefore, by limiting the pyruvate flux into mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, the Warburg effect enables cancer cells to avoid excess ROS generation from mitochondrial respiration and thus gain increased anoikis resistance and survival advantage for metastasis. Consistent with this notion, pro-metastatic transcription factors HIF and Snail attenuate oxidative metabolism, whereas tumor suppressor p53 and metastasis suppressor KISS1 promote mitochondrial oxidation. Collectively, these findings reveal mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as a critical suppressor of metastasis and justify metabolic therapies for potential prevention/intervention of tumor metastasis.
Cancer letters.Cancer Lett.2014 Apr 11. pii: S0304-3835(14)00207-9. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.04.001. [Epub ahead of print]
Compared to normal cells, cancer cells strongly upregulate glucose uptake and glycolysis to give rise to increased yield of intermediate glycolytic metabolites and the end product pyruvate. Moreover, glycolysis is uncoupled from the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphor
PMID 24732809

Final analysis of the pilot trial of diaphragm pacing in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with long-term follow-up: diaphragm pacing positively affects diaphragm respiration.

Onders RP1, Elmo M2, Kaplan C2, Katirji B3, Schilz R4.Author information 1Department of Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, USA. Electronic address: Raymond.onders@uhhospitals.org.2Department of Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, USA.3Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, USA.4Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, USA.AbstractBACKGROUND: Respiratory insufficiency is the major cause of mortality in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or Lou Gehrig's disease. This is the final report of the diaphragm pacing (DP) pilot trial.
American journal of surgery.Am J Surg.2014 Mar;207(3):393-7; discussion 397. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2013.08.039. Epub 2013 Dec 19.
BACKGROUND: Respiratory insufficiency is the major cause of mortality in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or Lou Gehrig's disease. This is the final report of the diaphragm pacing (DP) pilot trial.METHODS: Patients underwent laparoscopic diaphragm electrode implantations and subsequent co
PMID 24439161

Theme and variations: amphibious air-breathing intertidal fishes.

Martin KL.Author information Department of Biology, 24255 Pacific Coast Highway, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263-4321, U.S.A.AbstractOver 70 species of intertidal fishes from 12 families breathe air while emerging from water. Amphibious intertidal fishes generally have no specialized air-breathing organ but rely on vascularized mucosae and cutaneous surfaces in air to exchange both oxygen and carbon dioxide. They differ from air-breathing freshwater fishes in morphology, physiology, ecology and behaviour. Air breathing and terrestrial activity are present to varying degrees in intertidal fish species, correlated with the tidal height of their habitat. The gradient of amphibious lifestyle includes passive remainers that stay in the intertidal zone as tides ebb, active emergers that deliberately leave water in response to poor aquatic conditions and highly mobile amphibious skipper fishes that may spend more time out of water than in it. Normal terrestrial activity is usually aerobic and metabolic rates in air and water are similar. Anaerobic metabolism may be employed during forced exercise or when exposed to aquatic hypoxia. Adaptations for amphibious life include reductions in gill surface area, increased reliance on the skin for respiration and ion exchange, high affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen and adjustments to ventilation and metabolism while in air. Intertidal fishes remain close to water and do not travel far terrestrially, and are unlikely to migrate or colonize new habitats at present, although in the past this may have happened. Many fish species spawn in the intertidal zone, including some that do not breathe air, as eggs and embryos that develop in the intertidal zone benefit from tidal air emergence. With air breathing, amphibious intertidal fishes survive in a variable habitat with minimal adjustments to existing structures. Closely related species in different microhabitats provide unique opportunities for comparative studies.
Journal of fish biology.J Fish Biol.2014 Mar;84(3):577-602. doi: 10.1111/jfb.12270. Epub 2013 Dec 17.
Over 70 species of intertidal fishes from 12 families breathe air while emerging from water. Amphibious intertidal fishes generally have no specialized air-breathing organ but rely on vascularized mucosae and cutaneous surfaces in air to exchange both oxygen and carbon dioxide. They differ from air-
PMID 24344914

Japanese Journal

Sputum YKL-40 Levels and Pathophysiology of Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Otsuka Kojiro,Matsumoto Hisako,Niimi Akio,Muro Shigeo,Ito Isao,Takeda Tomoshi,Terada Kunihiko,Yamaguchi Masafumi,Matsuoka Hirofumi,Jinnai Makiko,Oguma Tsuyoshi,Nakaji Hitoshi,Inoue Hideki,Tajiri Tomoko,Iwata Toshiyuki,Chin Kazuo,Mishima Michiaki
Respiration
… 0.01) and forced mid-expiratory flow (r = -0.48 and -0.46, respectively, p < …
NAID 120004397864

2カメラFiber Grating呼吸モニタを用いた慢性閉塞性肺疾患症状のスクリーニング

佐藤勲,青木義満
Ｍｅｄｉｃａｌ　Ｉｍａｇｉｎｇ　Ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ 30(2), 73-82, 2012
近年，慢性閉塞性肺疾患（COPD）をはじめとする呼吸障害の診断に関心が寄せられている．従来より病院内においては，ポリソムノグラフなどの接触型の測定装置を用いて，呼吸測定が行われてきた．しかしながら，これらの接触型の測定装置では，種々のセンサを直接患者に取り付ける必要があるため，その煩わしさから被験者が測定中に通常どおりの呼吸を行えない場合や，センサが外れて計測が中断する場合があった．そのため，被験 …
NAID 130002049734

呼吸による横隔膜位置と胸腹2点式呼吸モニタリング装置の指示値との相関性の検証

武村哲浩,伊藤啓介,小路佐織,上田伸一,倉田雄一
医用画像情報学会雑誌 28(1), 30-35, 2011
… [Method] Fluoroscopic abdominal sequences(512×512 matrix, 5.36 f/s)during normal and forced breathing were taken from five healthy men aged 22-23 years. … [Result] During normal respiration there was a linear relationship between the indicator values and diaphragm positions measured using fluoroscopy. … During forced respiration the correlation of these values was quadric(r=0.919 to 0.996). …
NAID 130000442273